{"id":6643,"date":"2022-02-28T13:37:26","date_gmt":"2022-02-28T13:37:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/?page_id=6643"},"modified":"2022-06-25T08:31:08","modified_gmt":"2022-06-25T08:31:08","slug":"wadsworth-and-needle","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/","title":{"rendered":"Rhyme, Metrical Tension, and Formal Ambiguity in Kendrick Lamar\u2019s Flow"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"text\/x-mathjax-config\">\nMathJax.Hub.Config({\nmessageStyle: \"none\"\n});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Benjamin K. Wadsworth and Simon Needle<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abstract<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The flow of Kendrick Lamar veers between old-school, metrically rigid and new-school, prose-like rhymes. Through manipulating rhymes within $$4\\atop4$$ time, Lamar increases and decreases affective tension, suggests formal ambiguity, and highlights changes in point of view and literary topic. Although rhyme manipulations have been discussed by Kyle Adams (2009), Mitch Ohriner (2019a), and others as sources of formal contrasts, their effects on affective tension, relaxation, and formal functionality have been unspecified. In this essay, we propose a more comprehensive model of rhyme-based tension and relaxation, then apply it to questions of formal norms and ambiguities in Lamar\u2019s songs. Analyses of songs across Lamar\u2019s output demonstrate how changing degrees of metrical tension suggest comprehensible formal subsections within verses. Our methodology codifies previously unnamed formal categories, highlights formal similarities with pop-rock repertoires, reflects the aims of Lamar\u2019s conscious rap aesthetic, and illuminates Lamar\u2019s lyrics.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/35-wadsworth-and-needle\/\">View PDF<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/\">Return to Volume 35<\/a><br><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Keywords and phrases:<\/strong> Kendrick Lamar, hip-hop, flow, rhyme, tension, formal role, formal ambiguity, narrative<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.kendrick {font-size: 80%;}\n\n\/* thick borders *\/\n.kendrick tr:last-child td:not(:first-child) {border-bottom: 3pt solid black;}\n.kendrick tr:first-child td:not(:first-child) {font-weight: bold; background: #BFBFBF; border-top: 3pt solid black; border-bottom: 3pt solid black; text-align: center;}\n.kendrick colgroup {border-right: 3pt solid black;}\n.kendrick td {text-align: center;}\n\n\/* general borders *\/\n.kendrick td {border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black}\n.kendrick td:first-child {border-left: 1pt solid black; font-weight: bold; text-align: center}\n.kendrick tr:first-child td:first-child {background: white; border-top: 0pt solid white; border-left: 0pt solid white} \/* top left corner *\/\n\n\/*other borders*\/\n.borders tr:last-child td {border-bottom: 3pt solid black;}\n.borders tr:first-child td {border-top: 3pt solid black; border-bottom: 3pt solid black;}\n.borders colgroup {border-right: 3pt solid black;}\n.borders colgroup:first-child {border-left: 3pt solid black;}\n.borders td {border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black}\n.borders td:first-child {border-left: 1pt solid black}\n.borders td {text-align: left; padding-left: 3pt;}\n\n\/* special dashed borders *\/\ntd.dash {border-bottom: 3pt dashed black;}\ntd.dashlight {border-bottom: 2pt dashed black;}\ntd.dashleft {border-left: 3pt dashed black;}\ntd.dashlightleft {border-left: 2pt dashed black;}\n\n\/* define cell colors as background-foreground; or just background if foreground is default color *\/\n.redyel {background:#C00000; color: yellow;}\n.bei {background:#FFE599;}\n.yel {background:#FFF91F;}\n.gre {background:#A8D08D;}\n.yel2 {background:#FFD966;}\n.blu {background:#00B0F0;}\n.ora {background:#FFC000;}\n.puryel {background:#7030A0; color: yellow;}\n.pain {background:#FF59BE} \/* typo for pin*\/\n.red {background:red}\n\n.gra {background: #BFBFBF}\n.darkyel {background: #BF8F00}\n\n\/* specific rows for figures *\/\n.fancy {font-weight: bold; background: #BFBFBF; text-align: center;}\n\ntd ul {margin-left: 5%;}\n\nfigure.wp-block-table {position: relative; left: -10%; width: 120%;}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n<span id=\"su_tooltip_6a0687f3400a3_button\" class=\"su-tooltip-button su-tooltip-button-outline-yes\" aria-describedby=\"su_tooltip_6a0687f3400a3\" data-settings='{\"position\":\"right\",\"behavior\":\"hover\",\"hideDelay\":0}' tabindex=\"0\"><strong><u>Suggested Citation<\/u><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"display:none;z-index:100\" id=\"su_tooltip_6a0687f3400a3\" class=\"su-tooltip\" role=\"tooltip\"><span class=\"su-tooltip-inner su-tooltip-shadow-yes\" style=\"z-index:100;background:#FFFFFF;color:#454545;font-size:16px;border-radius:5px;text-align:left;max-width:300px;line-height:1.25\"><span class=\"su-tooltip-title\"><\/span><span class=\"su-tooltip-content su-u-trim\">Wadsworth, Benjamin K., and Simon Needle. \u201cRhyme, Metrical Tension, and Formal Ambiguity in Kendrick Lamar\u2019s Flow.\u201d <em>Int\u00e9gral<\/em> 35: 69\u201394.<\/span><\/span><span id=\"su_tooltip_6a0687f3400a3_arrow\" class=\"su-tooltip-arrow\" style=\"z-index:100;background:#FFFFFF\" data-popper-arrow><\/span><\/span>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#cacaca;border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#e4e4e4;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;\">This essay originated in Simon Needle\u2019s senior thesis (2018) at Kennesaw State University. The threefold model of metrical tension proposed here was developed collaboratively by the two authors. We thank Mitch Ohriner and Kyle Adams for their many helpful comments on earlier drafts of this essay.<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Intro: Tension and Formal Ambiguity in Kendrick Lamar\u2019s Flow<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">Kendrick Lamar Duckworth is arguably the preeminent hip-hop artist of his generation and has cultivated a diverse and loyal fanbase (Coscarelli 2019). A native of Compton, California, with influences ranging from Tupac Shakur to Nas (Braboy 2019), Lamar is famous for four ground-breaking concept albums: <em>Section.80<\/em> (2011); <em>Good Kid, MAAD City<\/em> (2012); <em>To Pimp a<\/em> <em>Butterfly<\/em> (2015); and <em>DAMN.<\/em> (2017). In 2018, Lamar was the first musician outside of classical and jazz traditions to receive a Pulitzer Prize in Music.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Lamar\u2019s rapping is emotionally, culturally, and philosophically complex (Wang 2017). It is aligned with the \u201cconscious rap\u201d genre, which advocates for social change, educates its audience about social and political problems, and encourages personal growth.<span id='easy-footnote-1-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-6643' title='Recent accounts of conscious rap include Adaso (2018) and JayQuan (2019). According to Lamarre (2017), Lamar admits (with some reluctance) to working within the \u201cconscious rap\u201d genre: in an interview with &lt;em&gt;Forbes&lt;\/em&gt;, Lamar says, \u201cWe all are conscious, whether you\u2019re doing gangsta rap, whether you\u2019re doing so called conscious rap, whether you doing whatever genre you may in because you have a post, you alive and you\u2019re telling your true feelings\u2026these are your true thoughts and you\u2019re conscious of them, and you\u2019re aware of them\u201d (Greenburg 2017).'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Despite Lamar rapping \u201cI don\u2019t give a f*** about no politics in rap. . . ,\u201d Lamar\u2019s songs do not shy from political controversies (Kornhaber 2017; Woolf 2018) and have been used for activism: for instance, the single \u201cAlright\u201d (2015) has become an anthem of the Black Lives Matter movement. Lamar\u2019s music, however, never calls for militant action. And finally, Lamar\u2019s verses often address situations of inner-city, daily life while encouraging Black communities to celebrate their culture and heritage.<\/p>\n<p>Lamar\u2019s technical mastery of flow (delivery) is multifaceted. Accordingly, this essay proposes three techniques that are salient in Lamar\u2019s flow: (1) the manipulation of rhymes, which subtly controls tension and relaxation (a listener\u2019s affective response to changes in rhyme pacing);<span id='easy-footnote-2-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-6643' title='Affective tension and relaxation vary upon an emotional dimension between low and high arousal. In the psychological literature on emotion, our notion of affective tension approximates the arousal dimension (vertical axis) in Russell\u2019s (1980) circumplex model, the other being the valence or pleasure dimension (horizontal axis). High arousal corresponds to emotions such as fear, surprise, and excitement, low arousal to boredom, sleepiness, and calmness. Recent overviews of psychological research on emotion in music include Eerola and Vuoskoski (2013), Juslin (2019), and Warrenburg (2020).'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> (2) the adjustment of such tension and relaxation techniques to suggest formal categories and ambiguities; and (3) the correlation of formal categories with the lyrics\u2019 points of view and literary topics.<span id='easy-footnote-3-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-6643' title='For instance, a subsection of a verse with regular, stable rhymes (which we define later as a &lt;em&gt;rhyming block&lt;\/em&gt;) often maps onto a third-person point of view in the lyrics.'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Of these techniques, Lamar\u2019s control of affective tension through rhyme pacing has been noted by Martin Connor (2015). In general, we propose that a more rapid pacing of a rhyme is more tense (implying a faster level of a metrical hierarchy), whereas a slower one is more relaxed (implying a slower level). Lamar\u2019s rhyme manipulations result in different situations: some songs feature flexible, \u201cnew school\u201d rhymes that evoke the 1990s, while others place rhymes in a rigid, \u201cold school\u201d style recalling the 1980s.<span id='easy-footnote-4-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-6643' title='Krims (2000, 49) distinguishes between \u201csung\u201d (old-school) and \u201cspeech-effusive\u201d (new school) flow styles.'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Thus, a single Lamar song may contain moments of extreme tension, relaxation, and their intermediate states.<\/p>\n<p>Example 1 demonstrates how Lamar\u2019s subtle control of rhyme manipulates our intuitions of affective tension.<span id='easy-footnote-5-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-6643' title='As white males, we acknowledge the delicacy of our position in reprinting and discussing speech within the Black community. We have therefore transcribed Lamar\u2019s language as is into our lyric charts but have shaded out sensitive or explicit terms in our text.'><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span> In this 3-measure excerpt from \u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d (2011), slower, faster, then intermediate pacings of rhymes suggest a brief peak in tension. Like our other examples, this example depicts Lamar\u2019s flow within a lyric chart having 16 quantized beat classes (BC). Lyric charts are preferable to staff transcriptions for Lamar\u2019s songs since his rapping assumes norms of 16<sup>th<\/sup> notes and $$4\\atop4$$ time.<span id='easy-footnote-6-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-6643' title='Ohriner (2019a, 48\u201351) concludes that the 16&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;\/sup&gt;-note duration is the most common in a rap flow, thereby supporting the 16-position metrical space.'><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Following Mitch Ohriner\u2019s practice (2019a, xxxvii\u2013xxxviii), BC are ordered from 0 to 15, allowing us to calculate tension levels quickly and accurately.<span id='easy-footnote-7-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-6643' title='Quantization is necessary if we want a detailed description of an artist\u2019s flow. Although some scholars avoid explicit quantizations in certain circumstances (e.g., Mattesich 2019, [7\u20138]), the resulting analyses lack detail on rhymes, metrical locations, and other raw data. Others (e.g., Connor 2015) pursue more finely grained rhythmic reductions that utilize many divisions of the beat, such as triplet sixteenths. Lamar, however, tends to use triplets only at moments of high tension, suggesting as a norm the 16-position space.'><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Beats are expected on BC 0, 4, 8, and 12, all of which are congruent under modulo 4 arithmetic.<span id='easy-footnote-8-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-6643' title='By contrast, Adams (2009) uses the notation \u201c1, 1x, 1y, 1z, 2, 2x, 2y, 2z,\u2026\u201d Although this approach clarifies the beats of the measure, we prefer integers from 0 to 15 for analytical data since we can quickly calculate beat-class distances (e.g., beat class 3 to 11 is 11 \u2013 3 or 8 beat classes distant) and the tension level of a particular beat class (e.g., BC 2 is at an eighth-note level).'><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Members of the same rhyme are displayed using the same color; accented syllables are shown in bold or highlighted as yellow.<\/p>\n<p>The peak of tension in Example 1 uses two rhyming techniques that foreshadow our coming methodology (Section 1). The first technique takes place in m. 19, which contains more rapidly paced rhymes than m. 18 does. The pacing of the \u201cre-\u201d rhymes in m. 19 involves quicker onset intervals of 3, then 5 positions, versus the slower interval of 8 positions in m. 18 (\u201csee\u201d and \u201cme\u201d)\u2014we call this phenomenon a difference in rhyme periodicity. The second technique involves the placement of rhymes: in m. 18 and 20, rhymes occur on the \u201cands\u201d of beats 2, 4, and 3, a more stable metrical placement, whereas two of m. 19\u2019s \u201cre-\u201d rhymes are on the 16<sup>th<\/sup>-note BC 3 and 11, a more rapid and unstable metrical level. We call this technique rhyme placement.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book6_2544_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.font52544\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n}\n.xl152544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl632544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl642544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl652544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl662544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl672544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl682544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl692544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl702544\n{\n\tcolor:yellow;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#C00000;\n}\n.xl712544\n{\n\tcolor:white;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#C00000;\n}\n.xl722544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FFE599;\n}\n.xl732544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FFE599;\n}\n.xl742544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl752544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl762544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl772544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FFF91F;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl632544 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:24pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl652544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl652544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl652544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl652544  width=128 style='width:72pt'>15<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl662544  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'>18<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Look-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in\u2019 a-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>round<\/td>\n  <td class=xl682544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>and<\/td>\n  <td class=xl692544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>all<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl702544 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>see<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl682544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>is a<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>big<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>crowd,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>that\u2019s<\/td>\n  <td class=xl682544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pro-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>duct<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>of<\/td>\n  <td class=xl702544 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>me<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl682544 width=128 style='width:48pt'>And they<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl662544  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:24pt'>19<\/td>\n  <td class=xl692544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>prob-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ab-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl712544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ly<\/td>\n  <td class=xl722544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>re-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>la-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tives<\/td>\n  <td class=xl732544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>re-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl682544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>la-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>vent<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>for<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a<font class=\"font52544\"><span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl722544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>re-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bels<font class=\"font52544\"><span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl702544 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>dream<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl742544 width=128 style='width:48pt'>Yep,<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl662544  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:24pt'>20<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>her<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Pres-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl762544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>i-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dent<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>is<\/td>\n  <td class=xl772544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>black<\/td>\n  <td class=xl762544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>She<\/td>\n  <td class=xl772544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>black<\/td>\n  <td class=xl762544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>too,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pur-ple<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>lab-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl762544 width=128 style='width:48pt'>el<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 1. Tense and relaxed rhymes in \u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d (2011), mm. 18\u201320 (0:54\u20131:04).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio aligncenter\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-1.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Example 2 similarly demonstrates how Lamar\u2019s manipulation of tension and relaxation &nbsp;suggests formal ambiguities (Section 2). To a listener, the chorus from Lamar\u2019s \u201cRigamortis\u201d (2011) is indicated definitively by its three occurrences in the song. However, this brief, 3-measure chorus has irregular and rapid rhyme locations that contradict our expectations for a memorable, repetitious chorus.<span id='easy-footnote-9-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-6643' title='Criteria of chorus function in pop and rock genres are discussed by de Clercq 2012 (114) and explored later in the current essay regarding Lamar\u2019s practice.'><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Therefore, this excerpt blends situational aspects of a chorus with internal aspects of a new formal category we call <em>excursion<\/em> (for now, a subsection type with a high level of affective tension and little internal repetition). Furthermore, Example 2\u2019s excursion aspect maps onto an imaginary perspective: references to fantasy subjects such as dragons and magic pose Lamar as an otherworldly rapper. This mapping of formal categories onto lyrics (and vice versa) may result in changes of viewpoint (Section 3).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book2_19157_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.font519157\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font619157\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.xl1519157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6319157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6419157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6519157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6619157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6719157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6819157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6919157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl7019157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl7119157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl7219157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl7319157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FFD966;\n}\n.xl7419157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FFD966;\n}\n.xl7519157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7619157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7719157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl7819157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl7919157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl8019157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8119157\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl6319157 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6519157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6519157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6519157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6419157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6519157  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6619157  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>0<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6319157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6319157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6319157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6819157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Got<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6319157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>me<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6619157  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>1<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6819157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>breath<font class=\"font519157\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ing<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>with<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6919157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>drag-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7019157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ons<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I\u2019ll<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6819157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>crack<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6319157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6819157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>egg<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>your<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6919157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bas<font class=\"font619157\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7019157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>-ket<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7119157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bas-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7219157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tard<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6619157  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>2<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I\u2019m<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7119157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Mar-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7019157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>-ilyn<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6919157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Man-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7019157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>son<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>with<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7119157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>mad-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7219157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>-ness,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Now<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6819157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>just<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7319157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>i-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6919157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>mag<font class=\"font619157\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7019157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>-ine<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7119157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>mag-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7419157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>-ic<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6619157  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>3<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7519157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7619157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>light<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7519157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7719157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ass-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7819157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>-es,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7519157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Don\u2019t<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7919157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ask<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8019157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>for<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7519157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>your<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7919157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>fav-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7819157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>or-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8119157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>-ite<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7919157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>rap-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7819157 width=64 style='width:48pt'>-per<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7519157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8019157 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 2. Initial chorus in \u201cRigamortis\u201d (2011), mm. 0\u20133  (0:37\u20130:45).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio aligncenter\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-2.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Examples 1 and 2 offer informal support to our claims that Lamar\u2019s manipulation of rhymes controls affective tension, suggests formal categories and ambiguities, and maps formal categories onto lyrics. To date, however, the precise linkages between these concepts remain unexplored. Figure 1 demonstrates our methodology, which subdivides the link between rhymes and formal ambiguity into five discrete stages: from stage 1 to 2, rhyme manipulation lowers and raises metrical tension through fast and slow rhyme pacing (to be defined shortly); from 2 to 3, affective tension and relaxation (resulting from rhyme pacing) interact with other parameters to suggest normative formal categories (hereafter called roles following de Clercq 2012, 2017);<span id='easy-footnote-10-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-10-6643' title='As seen later, this essay considers formal roles to be relaxed, tense, hybrid, or outside a flow. With respect to form, relaxed and tense roles in Lamar are analogous to loose-knit and tight-knit themes in classical music (Caplin 1998, 84), and tense roles to metrically dissonant formal functions in rock (Biamonte 2014, Example 9).'><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span> from 3 to 4, the formal roles are occasionally manipulated to produce formal ambiguities; and in 5, the formal roles and ambiguities map onto lyrics to suggest formal mentalities, each of which associates a formal role with a point of view or literary topic. These five stages comprise our theoretical and analytical pathway into Lamar\u2019s distinctive flow style.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=borders><colgroup><colgroup><colgroup><colgroup><colgroup><tbody><tr><td style=\"background:#F7CAAC\">Stage 1\u2192<\/td><td style=\"background:#F7CAAC\">Stage 2\u2192<\/td><td style=\"background:#F7CAAC\">Stage 3\u2192<\/td><td style=\"background:#F7CAAC\">Stage 4\u2192<\/td><td style=\"background:#F7CAAC\">Stage 5 (GOAL)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=fancy>Rhyme Manipulation<\/td><td class=fancy>Tension\/Relaxation<\/td><td class=fancy>Formal Roles<\/td><td class=fancy>Formal Ambiguity<\/td><td class=fancy>Formal Mentalities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom: 3pt solid black\">Rhyme Placement<br>Rhyme Periodicity<br>Rhyme Prevalence<\/td><td>Relaxation<br>slow manipulation<\/td><td>Relaxed:<br>Chorus, Verse (Onset), Rhyming Block, Parenthetical<br>Chorus<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom: 3pt solid black\">Formal blends<br>Weak unit differentiation<br>Unit overlap<br>Ambiguity of level<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom: 3pt solid black\">Point of view<br>Literary topics (boasts, disses, problem of song)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tension<br>fast manipulation<\/td><td>Tense, Hybrid, Non-Flow:<br>Excursion, Crisis, Intro<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Figure 1. Methodology linking rhyme manipulation with formal mentalities.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>This essay, following Figure 1, asks three theoretical questions: (1) how do rhyme manipulations suggest states of tension and relaxation; (2) do Lamar\u2019s songs contain formal roles analogous to their counterparts in pop and rock genres; and (3) which mechanisms underlie formal ambiguity in Lamar\u2019s songs? For these questions, we examine a corpus of 80 songs from Lamar\u2019s 2010 mixtape and four studio albums.<span id='easy-footnote-11-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-11-6643' title='This corpus starts with the &lt;em&gt;Overly Dedicated&lt;\/em&gt; mixtape (2010) since it shows Lamar\u2019s first command of point of view and voices (Reeves 2017). Lamar\u2019s four solo albums are all concept albums whose reception has increased, successively, in acclaim. Lamar\u2019s compilation album &lt;em&gt;Untitled Unmastered&lt;\/em&gt; (2016) has been excluded since its songs were demos recorded in the process of producing &lt;em&gt;Butterfly&lt;\/em&gt; (2015); Lamar\u2019s 14 songs from &lt;em&gt;Black Panther&lt;\/em&gt; (2018) have also been excluded since they arose in response to the film\u2019s story line. More details of our corpus may be found at our &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/facultyweb.kennesaw.edu\/bwadswo2\/Corpus%20of%2080%20Kendrick%20Lamar%20Songs.pdf&quot;&gt;website&lt;\/a&gt;, which surveys formal analyses on the crowd-sourced website Genius.com, both in a large-scale distribution of all formal roles (Part A) and a more granular distribution of roles within each song (Part B).'><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span> We then demonstrate the benefit of our analytical toolkit in full-length analyses of \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d from Lamar\u2019s 2010 mixtape <em>Overly Dedicated<\/em> and \u201cKing Kunta\u201d from his 2015 album <em>To Pimp a Butterfly<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Rhyme and its Metrical Implications<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p>Our methodology depends upon a careful definition of rhyme and consideration of its impact upon musical meter. Phonologically, rhyme is any correlation between at least two strings of semantic units (Brogan and Cushman 2012); in this essay, we call each string of semantic units a rhyme segment and the totality of all correlated segments a rhyme chain. Although rhymes that preserve the same rhyme class (Ohriner 2019, 15) are straightforward in analysis,<span id='easy-footnote-12-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-12-6643' title='A rhyme class preserves the middle vowel and final consonant of words such as \u201cpart\u201d and \u201cheart.\u201d'><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span> we allow inexact, slant rhymes (\u201ccrate\u201d and \u201cbraid\u201d), multi-syllabic rhymes (\u201cset him in\u201d and \u201cVicodin\u201d), alliterations (\u201cburning\u201d and \u201cbright\u201d), and other, less familiar types.<span id='easy-footnote-13-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-13-6643' title='For a similarly expansive view of rhyme, see Komaniecki (2019, Chapter 3). Even more rhyme types are discussed by Brogan and Cushman (2012, 1185) and are applied in the coming analyses: assonance (only the medial verb is retained); reverse rhyme (initial consonant and medial vowel); frame rhyme (initial and final consonants); and identical rhyme (all three retained).'><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/span> For instance, the rhyme \u201cf*** that\u201d in mm. 1\u20134 of Example 3 is an identical rhyme; BC 2 in mm. 2\u20134 creates an assonant effect through \u201cface, \u201ccase,\u201d and \u201cwait\u201d; and \u201ctolerance\u201d and \u201cdon\u2019t exist\u201d (mm. 4\u20135) preserve the same number of syllables and use similar middle vowels (\u201cer-\u201d and \u201cex-\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book6_11894_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.font511894\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font611894\n\t{color:yellow;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font711894\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.xl1511894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6311894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6411894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6511894\n{\n\tcolor:yellow;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#C00000;\n}\n.xl6611894\n{\n\tcolor:white;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#C00000;\n}\n.xl6711894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6811894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6911894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7011894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7111894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7211894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#C00000;\n}\n.xl7311894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7411894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FFC000;\n}\n.xl7511894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:yellow;\n}\n.xl7611894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:yellow;\n}\n.xl7711894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:yellow;\n}\n.xl7811894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl7911894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl8011894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#00B0F0;\n}\n.xl8111894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#00B0F0;\n}\n.xl8211894\n{\n\tcolor:yellow;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#7030A0;\n}\n.xl8311894\n{\n\tcolor:white;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#7030A0;\n}\n.xl8411894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FF59BE;\n}\n.xl8511894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FF59BE;\n}\n.xl8611894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8711894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8811894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8911894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FF59BE;\n}\n.xl9011894\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FF59BE;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl6711894 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6311894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411894  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6911894  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>1<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ah<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ah<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6611894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>eight<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>doo-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bies<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6911894  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>2<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7411894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>face<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6611894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>twelve<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bot-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>tles<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + 8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6911894  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>3<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7411894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>case<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nig-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ga,<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6611894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Two<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>pills<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>and<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + 8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6911894  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>4<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>half<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7411894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>wait<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nig-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ga<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6611894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Got<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>high<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7511894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tol-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7611894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + 8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6911894  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>5<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7711894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ance<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>when<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>your<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>age<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7511894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>don\u2019t<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7611894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ex-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7711894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ist<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Man,<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>swear<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nig-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ga<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + 8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=26 style='height:19.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=26 class=xl6911894  width=64 style='height:19.5pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>6<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7811894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>trip-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7911894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pin\u2019<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>off<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>shit<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>gain<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7811894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Pick<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7911894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>him<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>up<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>then I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>set<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>him<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + 4 + (8) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:7'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6911894  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>7<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Cold<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8211894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>wat<font class=\"font611894\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>then<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8211894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>or<font class=\"font611894\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>der<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>some<font class=\"font711894\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>one &#8211; to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bring<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>him<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Vi<font class=\"font511894\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>co-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>din<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + (6) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:8'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6911894  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Hope<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>take<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8411894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pain<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8511894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8511894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>way<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>from &#8211; the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8411894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>feel<font class=\"font511894\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ing<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>he<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8411894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>feel<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8511894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>to-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8511894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>day<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>You<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(4 + 8) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:9;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6911894  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>9<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8611894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>know<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8711894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>when &#8211; you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8711894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>part<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8811894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>of<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8911894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>sec<font class=\"font511894\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>eigh-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8811894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ty &#8211; you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8911894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>feel<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8711894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>like<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8711894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>no<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8811894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>one<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8911894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>can<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>re-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9011894 width=64 style='width:48pt'>late<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8811894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>\u2018Cause<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8811894 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(4 + 8) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 3. Rhymes and metrical locations in \u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d (2011), mm. 1\u20139 (0:13\u20130:41).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio aligncenter\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-3.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 3<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>How might rhymes imply metrical structures? A rhyme segment can be reduced to a focal BC at its most prominent accent\u2019s location, and rhyme segments tend to be metrically parallel (Lerdahl and Jackendoff [1983] 1996, 75). In Lamar\u2019s songs, these accents may be phenomenal (e.g., louder or longer events), metrical (occurring on beats), or structural (at the ends of grammatical units).<span id='easy-footnote-14-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-14-6643' title='Phenomenal accents are defined in classical music by Lerdahl and Jackendoff ([1983] 1996) as arising from \u201cattack-points of pitch events, local stresses such as sforzandi, sudden changes in dynamics or timbre, long notes, leaps to relatively high or low notes, harmonic changes, and so forth\u201d (17).'><sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/span> In Example 3, for instance, \u201ctoler<strong>ance<\/strong>\u201d and \u201cdon\u2019t ex<strong>ist<\/strong>\u201d (mm. 4\u20135) have accents at BCs 0 and 8 (in bold). These accents are metrical since they occur on beats 1 and 3, phenomenal since Lamar\u2019s delivery descends to them in pitch height, and grammatical because \u201c-ist\u201d ends a sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Note, however, that different metrical structures can be implied by the rhymes and backing track. The focal BCs in rhyme segments are often separated by periodic intervals\u2014a property of meter. As more segments align, they create a rhyme chain. A longer, more regular rhyme chain will more easily convey a meter, while shorter chains may be heard as surface syncopations to the $$4\\atop4$$ beat track. Therefore, the affective tension in Lamar\u2019s flow is also metrical tension.<\/p>\n<p>To enable a large-scale analysis of tension, we analyze accents (as rhymes) hierarchically by distinguishing between primary and secondary rhymes. In its right-most column, Example 3 shows metrical locations of rhymes: primary rhymes are unenclosed whereas secondary ones are within parentheses. Primary rhymes are more prevalent, regular, and strongly accented, whereas secondary ones are more intermittent and less strongly accented.<span id='easy-footnote-15-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-15-6643' title='Hierarchical analytical methods can promote exclusionary sociological agendas (e.g., Schenker\u2019s late theory of structural levels); the primary\/secondary rhyme distinction is intended here to facilitate long-range readings of metrical tension in Lamar\u2019s songs.'><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/span> So even though m. 6 contains two rhyme chains, one at BCs 0 and 8, the other at BCs 4 and 12, we hear BCs 4 and 12 as aligning with an implied backbeat and more prevalent within mm. 6\u20139 than BCs 0 and 8.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. A Closer Look at Metrical Tension in Lamar<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p>Before examining the link between rhyme and tension, our choice of the terms \u201cmetrical tension\u201d and \u201crelaxation\u201d over the better-known \u201cmetrical consonance and dissonance\u201d (Krebs 1999; Biamonte 2014) requires comment. Following Connor (2015), tension and relaxation are more visceral concepts that are readily understood by fans of the genre. And second, \u201cconsonance\u201d and \u201cdissonance\u201d invoke a Eurocentric tradition that we aim to avoid.<\/p>\n<p>Previous approaches to rhyme manipulation have characterized formal similarities and contrasts but have not linked rhyme manipulations with degrees of metrical tension. We therefore critique these previous approaches\u2019 explanations of tension, then extend them to predict affective tension across Lamar\u2019s output. The three approaches, each demonstrated in Example 4a\u2013c, include Mattesich\u2019s (2019, [2]) derivative versus generative model, Ohriner\u2019s (2019a) inter-rhyme intervals (IRIs), and Komaniecki\u2019s (2019) rhyme regularity. None of these approaches explains the subtle peak of tension in m. 19 of Example 4 (previously discussed in Example 1). In Mattesich\u2019s work, a derivative flow relies on the metrical backing track, and aligns rhymed syllables with the beats, whereas a generative flow is one independent of the beat.<span id='easy-footnote-16-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-16-6643' title='See also Adams (2009, [8]), Ohriner (2019a, 19\u201323), and Komaniecki (2019, 75\u201383). Ohriner (2019b, [3.1]) has speculated whether the onbeat\/offbeat distinction is analogous to \u201cconsonant versus dissonant\u201d rapping.'><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/span> In Example 4a, however, Mattesich\u2019s approach does not distinguish tension levels since all rhymes are off-beat (denoted OFF). Next, Example 4b shows inter-rhyme intervals (IRIs) between all corresponding rhymed syllables, following Ohriner (2019a, 19).<span id='easy-footnote-17-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-17-6643' title='Adams (2009, [8]) and Ohriner (2019a, 16\u201318) also note the technique of increasing or decreasing the number of syllables per measure, and Komaniecki (2019, 75\u201383) focuses this on rhymed syllables. This is addressed in our second technique, rhyme periodicity.'><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Example 4b separates out the three different rhymes and describes the IRIs for each, but does not draw conclusions as to tension levels. And lastly, Komaniecki\u2019s rhyme regularity (Komaniecki 2019, 75) calculates the likelihood that a contextually determined BC, typically BC 12, will have some end-rhyme (Example 4c). However, in Example 4c no rhymes occur on BC 12, thereby resulting in a 0% regularity; but if we change the metrical reference point to BC 6, we get a 100% regularity. Regardless, Komaniecki\u2019s measure requires the analyst\u2019s intervention and does not explain the peak of tension in m. 19. In summary, none of these approaches explain Example 4\u2019s peak of tension. In search of a more comprehensive model of rhyme-based metrical tension, we lay out three new measurements.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book6_2544_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.font52544\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n}\n.xl152544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl632544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl642544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl652544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl662544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl672544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl682544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl692544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl702544\n{\n\tcolor:yellow;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#C00000;\n}\n.xl712544\n{\n\tcolor:white;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#C00000;\n}\n.xl722544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FFE599;\n}\n.xl732544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FFE599;\n}\n.xl742544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl752544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl762544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl772544\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FFF91F;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl632544 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl652544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl652544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl652544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl642544  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl652544  width=128 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl662544  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'>18<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Look-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in\u2019 a-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>round<\/td>\n  <td class=xl682544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>and<\/td>\n  <td class=xl692544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>all<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl702544 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>see<br>(OFF)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl682544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>is a<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>big<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>crowd,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>that\u2019s<\/td>\n  <td class=xl682544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pro-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>duct<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>of<\/td>\n  <td class=xl702544 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>me<br>(OFF)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl682544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>And they<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl662544  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'>19<\/td>\n  <td class=xl692544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>prob-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ab-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl712544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ly<br>(OFF)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl722544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>re-<br>(OFF)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>la-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tives<\/td>\n  <td class=xl732544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>re-<br>(OFF)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl682544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>la-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>vent<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>for<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a<font class=\"font52544\"><span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl722544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>re-<br>(OFF)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bels<font class=\"font52544\"><span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl702544 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>dream<br>(OFF)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl672544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl742544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Yep,<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl662544  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'>20<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>her<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Pres-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl762544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>i-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dent<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>is<\/td>\n  <td class=xl772544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>black<br>(OFF)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl762544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>She<\/td>\n  <td class=xl772544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>black<br>(OFF)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl762544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>too,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pur-ple<\/td>\n  <td class=xl752544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>lab-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl762544 width=64 style='width:48pt'>el<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>a)\tDerivative vs. generative (Mattesich 2019)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\" style=\"position: relative; left: 20%; width: 60%\"><table><tbody><tr><td><em>\u201cee\u201d rhyme class: <\/em>see\u2192IRI 7\u2192me\u2192IRI 4\u2192ly\u2192IRI 11\u2192dream<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>\u201cre-\u201c rhyme:<\/em> relatives\u2192IRI 3\u2192relevant\u2192IRI 5\u2192rebels<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>\u201cblack\u201d rhyme:<\/em> black\u2192IRI 4\u2192black<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>b)\tInter-rhyme intervals (Ohriner 2019a)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\" style=\"position: relative; left: 20%; width: 60%\"><table><tbody><tr><td><em>BC 12 rhymes: <\/em>0%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>BC 6 rhymes:<\/em> 100%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>c)\tRhyme Regularity (Komaniecki 2019)<\/figcaption>\n\n<figcaption>Example 4a\u2013c. Previous approaches to rhyme manipulation.<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Technique 1: Rhyme Placement<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>In our threefold tension model, each measurement of rhyme manipulation\u2014<em>rhyme placement<\/em>, <em>rhyme periodicity<\/em>, and <em>rhyme prevalence<\/em>\u2014captures a change in pace. Faster pacing correlates with intuitions such as increasing tension, complexity, expressivity, amusement, surprise, and happiness: studies in music perception show that faster note values and tempi are rated as more tense than the reverse (Fern\u00e1ndez-Sotos, Fern\u00e1ndez-Caballero, and Latorre 2016). Likewise, syncopations are rated as more tense than on-beats, although this has not been shown to the point of statistical significance (Keller and Schubert 2011).<span id='easy-footnote-18-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-18-6643' title='Fern\u00e1ndez-Sotos, Fern\u00e1ndez-Caballero, and Latorre (2016) found significant increases in tension when tempo increased from 90 to 150 bpm, and when note values accelerated from quarters to sixteenths. Keller and Schubert (2011) found that unsyncopated melodies followed by syncopated melodies yielded significant increases in happiness, but insignificant increases in tension; they surmised that this unexpected result might be due to the limited degree of syncopation used in their melodies (the eighth note being the fastest value).'><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n<p>If faster pacing is the basic mechanism behind increasing tension, how might BC position influence tension? In contrast with Mattesich\u2019s (2019) limited onbeat\/offbeat focus, we adapt Lerdahl and Jackendoff\u2019s attack-point model of meter ([1983] 1996, 18) into a more exhaustive model of affective tension. Consider the assumptions of Lerdahl and Jackendoff\u2019s model, as seen in Figure 2. This model views all metrical events as attack points, not as durations; it ranks some BCs as stronger accents (the higher stacks) and others as weaker (the lower stacks), and it assumes that beats on a level are evenly spaced (97).<\/p>\n<p>Lerdahl and Jackendoff\u2019s framework in Figure 2 may be interpreted as a model of metrical tension for classical music by associating each BC with a metrical and tension level. Events on BCs linked to faster levels (toward the bottom) are more tense, while those linked to slower levels (toward the top) are more relaxed. Thus, BC 0 (whole note\/red) is least tense since its topmost level is the slowest; BC 8 (half note\/orange) is next-most tense; then BC 4 and 12 (quarters, yellow), BC 2, 6, 10, and 14 (eighths), and BC 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. up to 15 (sixteenths) are increasingly tense. Scanning Figure 2 from high to low, note that each more rapid level is more complex as the density of events per formal unit increases.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=borders><colgroup\/><colgroup><col class=red><col span=3 \/><\/colgroup><colgroup><col class=yel><col span=3 \/><\/colgroup><colgroup><col class=ora><col span=3 \/><\/colgroup><colgroup><col class=yel><col span=3 \/><\/colgroup><colgroup \/>\n<tbody><tr><td>Beats<\/td><td>&#8220;one<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>&#8220;two&#8221;<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>&#8220;three&#8221;<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>&#8220;four&#8221;<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>whole<\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>half<\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>quarter<\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8th<\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>16th<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Beat Classes<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>4<\/td><td>5<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>11<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>15<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Figure 2. Lerdahl and Jackendoff\u2019s attack-point hierarchy as a model of metrical tension.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Because, following hip-hop conventions, rhymes most often occur around beat four, to adapt Lerdahl and Jackendoff\u2019s attack-point model to Lamar\u2019s manipulation of rhymes, we shift the most relaxed BC to 12 (Figure 3).<span id='easy-footnote-19-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-19-6643' title='BC 11 and 14, which approximate BC 12, have reportedly high frequency values (about 14% and 8%, respectively) in Condit-Schulz (2016, 139).'><sup>19<\/sup><\/a><\/span> As a result, since beats are evenly spaced the metrical hierarchy has BC 12 (red) as most relaxed, followed by BC 4 (orange), then 0 and 8 (yellow), etc. This preference for a referential BC 12 is supported by various lines of evidence: first, phrases often end late in the measure around beat 4, giving it a cadential quality (Adams 2009, [4]); second, rhymed syllables occur more frequently on later beats of the measure, increasing from beat 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 in a roughly linear fashion (Condit-Schulz 2016, 139);<span id='easy-footnote-20-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-20-6643' title='Note that Condit-Schulz\u2019s sample of rap lyrics is derived from verses (not choruses), resulting in findings that align with our formal function of a &lt;em&gt;rhyming block&lt;\/em&gt; (a normative subsection of a verse, to be defined shortly).'><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/span> and third, the most relaxed BCs (12 then 4) are supported by the expected backbeat (or acoustic snare drum) of the \u201cboom-bap\u201d bass.<span id='easy-footnote-21-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-21-6643' title='Adams (2020, [1.7\u20131.17]), however, views a phrase as activated by disrupted listener expectations and requiring directed motion.'><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Despite aligning with the expected kick drum of the beat track, we consider BC 0 and 8 as less relaxed since emcees tend to establish their lyrics in opposition to such beats, a situation comparable to rock fans clapping (or jazz fans snapping fingers) on beats 2 and 4.<span id='easy-footnote-22-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-22-6643' title='In fact, during \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2011), Lamar\u2019s lyrics link beat 4 with BC 12: \u201cI\u2019m not just rhyming on the beat. . .\u201d (Example 7b, m. 7).'><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/span> We thus distinguish five different metrical levels, thereby increasing the resolution of Mattesich\u2019s (2019) two-state approach.<span id='easy-footnote-23-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-23-6643' title='Two caveats: first, if a regular pattern of rhymes and accents does not fit the attack-point model, the analyst should consider patterns of unequally spaced accents or beats following Ohriner\u2019s (2019a, 72\u201375) model of vocal groove; and second, if an attack approximates a beat\u2014e.g., a persistent BC 3 that sounds like an offbeat BC 4 or beat 2\u2014then one should consider the possibility (based on context) that it approximates an onbeat event.'><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Returning to Example 1, we may now explain the peak of tension in \u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d (mm. 18\u201320): the music moves from eighth-note BCs (e.g., 6 and 14) to 16<sup>th<\/sup>-note ones (3 and 11), and then back to eighth-note ones (6 and 10), demonstrating a contour of relaxation\u2013tension\u2013relaxation.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"borders\"><colgroup\/><colgroup><col class=yel><col span=3 \/><\/colgroup><colgroup><col class=ora><col span=3 \/><\/colgroup><colgroup><col class=yel><col span=3 \/><\/colgroup><colgroup><col class=red><col span=3 \/><\/colgroup><colgroup \/>\n<tbody><tr><td>Beats<\/td><td>&#8220;one<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>&#8220;two&#8221;<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>&#8220;three&#8221;<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>&#8220;four&#8221;<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>whole<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>half<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>quarter<\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8th<\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><td>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>16th<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><td>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Beat Classes<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>4<\/td><td>5<\/td><td>6<\/td><td>7<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>11<\/td><td>12<\/td><td>13<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>15<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Figure 3. Attack-point model adapted to Lamar\u2019s Songs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Technique 2: Periodicity of Rhymes<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>Our second measurement of tension correlates faster periodicities of rhyme segments with tension and slower ones with relaxation. Increasing tension in this regard also increases complexity since more rapid rhymes imply their increased density. We describe each level of tension as a duration in musical notation, with benchmark values of whole, half, quarter, and eighth notes being ordered from relaxed to tense\u2014this is also true for irregular durations.<span id='easy-footnote-24-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-24-6643' title='We have not found 16&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;\/sup&gt;-note rhyme periodicities in Lamar\u2019s songs.'><sup>24<\/sup><\/a><\/span> We can now enable Ohriner\u2019s IRIs to specify levels of tension. Reinforcing our previous remarks on Example 1 (mm. 18\u201320 from \u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d), this measurement shows an increase in tension: half-note periodicities (m. 18); irregular periodicities including 3\/dotted eighth and 5\/quarter-plus-16<sup>th<\/sup> (m. 19); and then a quarter-note periodicity (m. 20).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 Technique 3: Prevalence of Rhymes<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>Our third and final measurement of tension, prevalence, counts the number of rhyme segments in a rhyme chain and tracks their periodicities. This measurement enables us to distinguish between formal sections that imbue a particular BC with a focal quality, thereby resulting in metrical entrainment, versus those that flit between different BCs and do not result in metrical entrainment. This measurement is expressed either as a quantity (e.g., \u201c4\u201d) times a single, recurring periodicity (e.g., \u201c8 BC\u201d) or as a quantity (again \u201c4\u201d) times a series of periodicities (e.g., \u201c8, 3, 5\u201d); we interpret the former as focal and relaxed, the latter as irregular, non-focal, and tense. In Example 1 the rhyme \u201cee\u201d in mm. 18\u201319 is labeled \u201c4\u201d since it occurs four times; the periodicities between adjacent segments are 8, 4, and 11 BC. Thus, this rhyme chain\u2019s prevalence would be \u201c4 x (8, 4, 11),\u201d a non-focal, tense result. Rhyme prevalence predicts two things: (1) as the number of rhyme segments increases, complexity (thus tension) decreases; and (2) as the number of differing periodicities in a chain increases, complexity (thus tension) increases. Whereas Komaniecki\u2019s rhyme regularity (2019, 75) calculates the percentage of a particular BC containing a rhyme (usually BC 12), our prevalence method enables the analysis of more situations. In Example 3, rhyme prevalence shows relaxation in mm. 1\u20134 with \u201cf*** that,\u201d since its calculation is \u201c4 x (16),\u201d showing multiple occurrences of the rhyme with a singular periodicity, whereas Komaniecki\u2019s calculation (assuming BC 12 as contextually stable) yields a 0% result. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Our three measurements of metrical tension enable the analysis of tension and relaxation on any formal level in Lamar\u2019s songs. We can then correlate measurements of metrical tension in the flow with techniques such as syllable density, vocal articulation, lyrics, and supporting vocals, thereby allowing us to define normative formal roles and ambiguous formal blends. Accordingly, we next investigate normative formal roles such as verses and choruses in Lamar\u2019s songs, drawing on de Clercq\u2019s (2012) research on formal prototypes.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Normative Formal Roles in Lamar\u2019s Songs<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p>In Lamar\u2019s songs, formal roles can be explained advantageously as modifications of formal roles in pop and rock.<span id='easy-footnote-25-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-25-6643' title='How much formal terminology from pop and rock genres is appropriate in Lamar\u2019s songs? While this question is outside our central purview, we speculate that their forms exist on a continuum from &lt;em&gt;authentic&lt;\/em&gt; to &lt;em&gt;commercial&lt;\/em&gt; extremes. The authentic extreme highlights storytelling and an emcee\u2019s lyrical prowess: it is dominated by verses, choruses, intros, and outros. The commercial extreme instead approximates contemporary pop and rock practice, containing not just verses, choruses, intros and outros, but also more repetitious and memorable roles such as bridges, prechoruses, hooks, and refrains. For instance, we found that Lamar\u2019s 14 singles had 11 songs with choruses and 3 without, showing a commercial preference.'><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/span> These modifications are necessitated by the terminological overlap between hip-hop and pop-rock traditions, seen in their shared labels of verse and chorus.<span id='easy-footnote-26-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-26-6643' title='Instances of writers on hip hop invoking formal functions from pop and rock traditions include the website Genius.com (as evidence of fan response), Edwards (2009, 185\u2013197), Berry (2018, 3), and Komaniecki (2019, 1).'><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Among recent studies of form in rock music (Summach 2012, de Clercq 2012, Ensign 2015), we draw upon de Clercq\u2019s theory of formal roles for its ability to explain mechanisms behind formal ambiguity. A role (de Clercq 2012, 34) is a formal category (e.g., chorus, verse, bridge) organized around a most typical member, or prototype: just as some members of a category are more representative of said category than others, so too are certain formal features more typical of some formal roles than others. For example, just as a robin is more representative of the \u201cbird\u201d category than a penguin, musical \u201cbridges\u201d are more likely to introduce new chord progressions than \u201cverses.\u201d We define a normative role as a pattern of behaviors that occur across a range of examples, recall a role in pop-rock music, and contrast with other roles. Take the chorus: it occurs frequently in Lamar\u2019s music, has been analyzed previously in pop-rock songs, and contrasts with roles such as verses and intros. An ambiguous formal situation, as modeled by a blend (hybrid), instead combines behaviors of opposing formal roles (e.g., verse and chorus) and occurs within a narrower range of examples.<\/p>\n<p>To define a formal role in Lamar\u2019s music as a modification of a pop-rock analogue, we align the criteria of the two analogous roles to highlight Lamar\u2019s distinctive practices, show how Lamar\u2019s modifications are informed by the genres of hip hop and conscious rap, and demonstrate Lamar\u2019s modified role in multiple songs. Since rhyme manipulations are salient in Lamar\u2019s flow, we classify his roles into categories based on their states of tension and relaxation.<span id='easy-footnote-27-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-27-6643' title='For concerns of brevity, we do not address the reverse question, explored in Adams (2008): how does the beat track inspire a rapper\u2019s flow?'><sup>27<\/sup><\/a><\/span> These categories are relaxed, tense, hybrid (i.e., tense and relaxed simultaneously), and non-flow (unmeasured or instrumental). Figure 4 summarizes our normative (recurring) roles, noting each role\u2019s name, degree of tension or relaxation, expected formal location, expected formal level, contrasting roles, and distinctive aspects. Since hip-hop artists discuss their songs as containing verses and choruses (Edwards 2009, 185\u2013197), our section-level roles include choruses and verses (but not other pop-rock roles such as a bridge); to these, we have added the intro role given its presence in many of Lamar\u2019s songs (59 out of 80, or 74%);<span id='easy-footnote-28-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-28-6643' title='While the outro role is also frequent in Lamar\u2019s songs (59\/80, or 74%), for brevity we do not address it in this essay.'><sup>28<\/sup><\/a><\/span> and we have added roles at section and subsection levels that reflect fluctuations in tension and relaxation in Lamar\u2019s verses. In Figure 4, from top to bottom there are two well-known, relaxed roles of chorus and verse (the latter focused on a verse\u2019s onset), two new subsection-level roles called <em>rhyming block<\/em> and <em>parenthetical chorus<\/em>, a tense role on both levels called <em>excursion<\/em>, a hybrid role called <em>crisis<\/em>, and the well-known section-level role of <em>intro<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>In Lamar\u2019s practice, section and subsection levels are more ambiguous than in pop and rock, thereby resulting in ambiguous roles (as shown shortly). Sections may differ widely in length, with 16 or more measures in a verse but 4 to 8 measures in a chorus (Edwards 2009, 188\u2013193); subsections tend to last between 2 and 8 measures and often overlap to prevent the breakup of a verse into sections. Rhyming blocks and parenthetical choruses closely resemble section-level verses and choruses, thereby telescoping the formal patterns of verse-chorus and chorus-verse songs within verses.<span id='easy-footnote-29-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-29-6643' title='For instance, a &lt;em&gt;verse\/excursion&lt;\/em&gt; blend (to be described shortly) has a verse role on the section level and an excursion role borrowed from the subsection level.'><sup>29<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=borders><colgroup span=6><tbody><tr><td>\nName<\/td><td>\nExpected Tension Degree<\/td><td>\nExpected Location<\/td><td>\nExpected Level<\/td><td>\nContrasting Roles<\/td><td>\nDistinctive Aspects<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=6 class=fancy>Relaxed Roles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chorus<\/td><td>\nRelaxed + offset<\/td><td>\nMultiple locations<\/td><td>\nSection<\/td><td>\nVerse, Excursion, Intro<\/td><td>\nsung section repeated later in song; internally\n  repetitious; aligns relaxed rhymes with beat track<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Verse Onset<\/td><td>\nRelaxed<\/td><td>\nMultiple locations<\/td><td>\nSection<\/td><td>\nChorus, Excursion, Crisis<\/td><td>\none-off, rapped section having little internal repetition;\n  has relaxed rhymes contrary to the beat track; tells 3<font class=\"font620106\"><sup>rd<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font520106\">-person story with measure-long sentences<\/font><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rhyming Block<\/td><td>\nRelaxed<\/td><td>\nBeginning, end of verse<\/td><td>\nSubsection<\/td><td>\nParenthetical Chorus, Excursion, Crisis<\/td><td>\nrhymes with a common BC focus (BC 12, 4 and 12, 8, etc.);\n  otherwise, identical to verse onset<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\nParenthetical Chorus<\/td><td>Relaxed\n  + offset<\/td><td>Between\n  other subsections of verse or at end of verse before chorus<\/td><td>Subsection<\/td><td>Rhyming\n  Block, Excursion, Crisis<\/td><td>one-off,\n  repetitious, short chorus-like subsection, often couplet length<\/td><\/tr><tr><\/tr><tr><\/tr><tr><td colspan=6 class=fancy>Tense Roles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Excursion<\/td><td>\nTense<\/td><td>\nMiddle\u20132\/3rds through verse or song<\/td><td>\nSubsection or Section<\/td><td>\nRhyming Block, Verse Onset, Chorus<\/td><td>\nlittle internal repetition; one-off unit; tense, less\n  regular rhyme placement and periodicities; lower prevalence than in rhyming\n  block; improvisatory feel; quickly changing topics in lyrics; 3<font class=\"font620106\"><sup>rd<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font520106\">-person story<\/font><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=6 class=fancy>Hybrid Roles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Crisis<\/td><td>\nRelaxed and tense<\/td><td>\nEnd of verse or song<\/td><td>\nSubsection or Section<\/td><td>\nRhyming Block, Excursion, Verse Onset<span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> <\/td><td>\nrelaxed rhyme placement contrary to beat track; increase\n  in density of rhymes or syllables; memorable names; violent situation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=6 class=fancy>Non-Flow Roles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\nIntro<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>Beginning\n  of song<\/td><td>Section<\/td><td>Main\n  section roles<\/td><td>either\n  1) relatively short section with instrumental samples; 2) unmeasured,\n  introductory speech (e.g., skit); or 3) isolated bursts of measured or\n  unmeasured lyrics with samples<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Figure 4. Normative roles in Lamar\u2019s songs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>To suggest variety and engage the listener, the technique of <em>stretching<\/em> breaks down a verse (particularly a long one) into a succession of subsection-level formal roles. It is particularly appropriate to story-telling rap, in which verses may comprise most, if not all, of a song (Edwards 2009, 194\u2013195). Within a verse, the most normative role is the rhyming block, which is its baseline expectation; after this, other normative roles include excursion, crisis, and parenthetical chorus. As shown in Figure 5, instances of stretching include two temporal arrangements: (paradigm 1) a symmetrical scheme of rhyming block\u2013excursion\u2013rhyming block; or (paradigm 2) a goal-directed scheme of rhyming block\u2013excursion\u2013crisis. At any point, a parenthetical chorus may be inserted for additional variety. For instance, in the bottom three rows of Figure 5, verse 1 from \u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d flexibly adheres to either of these paradigms. It contains two rhyming blocks in mm. 6\u20139 and 12\u201317 that are separated by a parenthetical chorus in mm. 10\u201311; an excursion occurs in mm. 18\u201321 and ends the verse; no final rhyming block or crisis is present.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"kendrick\"><tbody><tr><td>\n&nbsp;<\/td><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-left: 3pt solid black;\">Beginning<\/td><td>\nMiddle<\/td><td style=\"border-right: 3pt solid black;\">\nEnd<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border-left: 5pt solid black; border-top: 3pt solid black;\">Paradigm (1)<\/td><td colspan=\"3\">Rhyming\n  block<\/td><td>\nExcursion<\/td><td style=\"border-right: 3pt solid black;\">\nRhyming block<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"border-bottom: 3pt solid black;\"><td style=\"border-left: 5pt solid black;\">Paradigm (2)<\/td><td colspan=\"3\">Rhyming\n  block<\/td><td>\nExcursion<\/td><td style=\"border-right: 3pt solid black;\">\nCrisis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border-left: 5pt solid black;\">\u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d Verse 1<\/td><td>\nRhyming block<\/td><td>\nParenthetical chorus<\/td><td>\nRhyming block<\/td><td style=\"border-right: 3pt solid black;\">\nExcursion<\/td><td style=\"border-bottom: 1pt solid white; border-right: none;\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border-left: 5pt solid black;\">\nMeasures<\/td><td>\n6\u20139 (0:15\u20130:30)<\/td><td>\n10\u201311 (0:30\u20130:36)<\/td><td>\n12\u201317 (0:36\u20130:65)<\/td><td style=\"border-right: 3pt solid black;\">\n18\u201321 (0:54\u20131:00)<\/td><td style=\"border-bottom: 1pt solid white; border-right: none;\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border-bottom: 3pt solid black; border-left: 5pt solid black;\">Narrative<\/td><td>\nFriend\u2019s drug addiction<\/td><td>\nLoneliness behind addiction<\/td><td>\nOther addictions (e.g., technology)<\/td><td style=\"border-right: 3pt solid black;\">\nMeets woman with ADHD<\/td><td style=\"border-bottom: 1pt solid white; border-right: none;\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<figcaption>Figure 5. Instances of role successions in Lamar\u2019s verses.<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-figure-5.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Figure 5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>We turn next to the seven normative roles, their derivation from pop-rock analogues, Lamar\u2019s adaptations of them within hip-hop and conscious rap genres, and typical examples. These roles include chorus, verse onset, rhyming block, parenthetical chorus, excursion, crisis, and intro. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 Chorus<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>As shown in Example 5a, although a pop-rock chorus tends to have a focal quality, as suggested by memorable lyrics, dense textures, and a sense of arrival, Lamar repurposes the role as a provocative diss, critique, or boast having variable loudness. Lamar\u2019s disses, critiques, and boasts show influences from both the hip-hop genre, which focuses on personal rivalries, and the conscious rap genre, which seeks to critique listeners\u2019 unexamined biases. As seen in the right column (bold), Lamar typically aligns rhymes with the beat track (favoring BCs 0 and 8), evenly spaces them, uses highly prevalent rhymes, uses first- and second-person points of view, and sings more often than raps.<span id='easy-footnote-30-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-30-6643' title='Following de Clercq (2012, 2017), we do not assign different hierarchical weights to each aspect of a role, a task calling instead for a computational approach.'><sup>30<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Otherwise, Lamar follows chorus conventions from pop-rock music such as background vocals, repetition later in a song, a shorter length compared to a verse, and high internal repetition. Lamar\u2019s choruses may or may not include hooks.<span id='easy-footnote-31-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-31-6643' title='We found that only 43.8% of Lamar\u2019s songs from the studio albums and &lt;em&gt;Overly Dedicated&lt;\/em&gt; include their titles in the chorus.'><sup>31<\/sup><\/a><\/span> In Lamar\u2019s rhyme placement, the offset BCs 0 and 8 are most common, whether in isolation or embedded within other equally spaced schemes (e.g., BCs 0, 4, 8, and 12); BCs 4 and 12 on their own are less common but still occur. \u201cA.D.H.D.\u2019s\u201d chorus is prototypical (Example 5b). As shown in Example 5b\u2019s lyric chart, the primary rhymes in \u201cA.D.H.D.\u2019s\u201d chorus are on \u201cthat\u201d in BC 8 (red), thereby aligning with the beat track. The rhyme periodicity is a whole note with one disruption on BC 2 (secondary rhyme, orange). The rhyme prevalence is a relaxed, focal 4 x (16). Lyrics criticize drug culture and take a second-person point of view. This iteration of the chorus in \u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d is rapped at a low intensity relative to the rest of the song; likewise, its beat track is dynamically softer than in later sections (percussion only entering at 0:59). And lastly, its musical material appears three times in the song.<span id='easy-footnote-32-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-32-6643' title='Notice the last 6 BCs are shown in a neutral gray color since they are external to the chorus role, a practice we continue in this essay.'><sup>32<\/sup><\/a><\/span><span id='easy-footnote-33-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-33-6643' title='Other prototypical instances of the chorus role in Lamar\u2019s songs include \u201cF*** Your Ethnicity\u201d (&lt;em&gt;Section.80&lt;\/em&gt;) and \u201cSwimming Pools (Drank)\u201d (&lt;em&gt;Good Kid&lt;\/em&gt;). The former example (0:55\u20131:03) has equally spaced rhymes as well as primary rhymes on BC 4 and 12; the latter (0:52\u20131:17) has equally spaced rhymes plus primary rhymes on BC 8.'><sup>33<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p>Pop-Rock Chorus Role (de Clercq 2012, 114)<\/p> <ul> <li>Highest focal quality<\/li> <li>Contrasts with verse<\/li> <li>Musical material basically same upon repetition<\/li> <li>Sense of arrival<\/li> <li>Shorter than verse<\/li> <li>Loudest, thickest texture<\/li> <li>High internal repetition<\/li> <li>General message<\/li> <li>Memorable, includes title<\/li> <li>Short melodic units<\/li> <li>Emphasizes $$\\hat1$$ in melody, tonal closure, Tonic, Ionian mode<\/li> <\/ul><\/td><td><p>Lamar\u2019s Chorus Role<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rhymes tend to align with beat track (favoring BC 0 and 8 over 4 and 12)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Evenly spaced rhymes favored<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>High rhyme prevalence<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Diss, critique, or boast<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>First- and second-person point of view<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Variable loudness<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Sung (1<sup>st<\/sup> default) or rapped (2<sup>nd<\/sup> default)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Background vocals<\/li>\n<li>Repeats later in song<\/li>\n<li>Shorter than a verse<\/li>\n<li>High internal repetition<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Example 5a. Characteristic features of the chorus role.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book6_22120_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.xl1522120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6322120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6422120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6522120\n{\n\tcolor:yellow;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#C00000;\n}\n.xl6622120\n{\n\tcolor:white;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#C00000;\n}\n.xl6722120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6822120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6922120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7022120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7122120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7222120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#C00000;\n}\n.xl7322120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7422120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FFC000;\n}\n.xl7522120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:yellow;\n}\n.xl7622120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:yellow;\n}\n.xl7722120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:yellow;\n}\n.xl7822120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#A6A6A6;\n}\n.xl7922120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#A6A6A6;\n}\n.xl8022120\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#A6A6A6;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl6722120 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6422120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6422120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6422120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6322120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6422120  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6822120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6922120  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>1<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ah<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ah<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6622120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7222120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6522120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7322120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>eight<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>doo-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bies<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6922120  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>2<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7422120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>face<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6622120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7222120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6522120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7322120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>twelve<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bot-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>tles<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + 8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6922120  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>3<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7422120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>case<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nig-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ga<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6622120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7222120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6522120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Two<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7322120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>pills<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>and<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + 8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6922120  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>4<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>half<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7422120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>wait<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nig-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ga<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6622120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7222120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6522120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Got<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7322120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>high<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7522120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tol-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7622120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + 8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6922120  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>5<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7722120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ance<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>when<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>your<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7322120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>age<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7522120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>don\u2019t<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7622120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ex-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7722120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ist<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7822120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Man,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7922120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8022120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>swear<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7822120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>my<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7822120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>nig-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7922120 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ga<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7122120 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + 8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 5b. Prototypical chorus in \u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d (2011), mm. 1\u20135 (0:13\u20130:28).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-5.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.2 Verse Onset<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<p>As shown at the top of Example 6a, the onsets of Lamar\u2019s verses typically are rapped. Different rhymes are more unevenly spaced than in a chorus, highly prevalent and regular in periodicity within each rhyme chain, and usually not aligned with the beat track, thus favoring BCs 4 and 12. The verse role is the narrative center in Lamar\u2019s songs, just as other hip-hop artists have confirmed in interviews (Edwards 2009, 193). Otherwise, Lamar\u2019s verses align with pop-rock norms: they take the perspective of a background, third-person story and have longer, more speech-like sentences than choruses.<span id='easy-footnote-34-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-34-6643' title='Lamar\u2019s verses can have focal aspects: we found 16.3% of his songs from studio albums and the &lt;em&gt;Overly Dedicated&lt;\/em&gt; mixtape had song titles in a verse.'><sup>34<\/sup><\/a><\/span> As shown in Example 6b\u2019s lyric chart, many aspects of Lamar\u2019s verse role are present. First, in contrast with the chorus (Example 5), rhyme periodicity decreases from a whole to a half note. Second, primary rhymes are on the relaxed BCs 4 and 12 (the latter more common); secondary rhymes are on BCs 0, 2, 6, and 8. Third, the unevenly-spaced rhymes suggest a variety of pulses with blue-shaded values at 3 x (8, 16) (half, whole) and pink-shaded ones at 6 x (4, 4, 8, 4, 4) (quarter, half). Fourth, sentences in the lyrics are measure-long in mm. 7\u20139. And finally, Lamar relates (primarily in third person) a story of a drug-abusing friend or relative.<span id='easy-footnote-35-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-35-6643' title='Similar, prototypical instances of verse onsets include \u201cF*** Your Ethnicity\u201d (&lt;em&gt;Section.80&lt;\/em&gt;) and \u201cSwimming Pools (Drank)\u201d (&lt;em&gt;Good Kid&lt;\/em&gt;). The former (1:03\u20132:15) has primary rhymes on BC 4 and 12; the latter (0:25\u20130:51) has a slightly more unusual rhyme placement on BC 10, 4, and 12. Both situations do not align primary rhymes with their beat tracks.'><sup>35<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p>Verse Role (de Clercq 2012, 114\u2013115)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Low focal quality<\/li>\n<li>Main section role<\/li>\n<li>Unmemorable<\/li>\n<li>Musical material repeats<\/li>\n<li>8\u201316 bars long<\/li>\n<li>First vocal material<\/li>\n<li>Develops a story<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><td>\n<p>Lamar&#8217;s Verse Onset Role<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rhymes do not usually align with beat track (BC 4 and 12 favored)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>More unevenly spaced rhymes than in chorus<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>High rhyme prevalence, regular periodicities<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Rapped<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Measure-long sentences<\/li>\n<li>Lack of internal repetition<\/li>\n<li>Third-person point of view, story<\/li>\n<li>Main section role<\/li>\n<li>Longer than chorus<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Example 6a. Characteristic features of the verse onset role.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book6_27514_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.font527514\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font627514\n\t{color:yellow;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font727514\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.xl1527514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6327514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6427514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6527514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6627514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BFBFBF;\n}\n.xl6727514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6827514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6927514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7027514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7127514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl7227514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl7327514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#00B0F0;\n}\n.xl7427514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#00B0F0;\n}\n.xl7527514\n{\n\tcolor:yellow;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#7030A0;\n}\n.xl7627514\n{\n\tcolor:white;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#7030A0;\n}\n.xl7727514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FF59BE;\n}\n.xl7827514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FF59BE;\n}\n.xl7927514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8027514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8127514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8227514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FF59BE;\n}\n.xl8327514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FF59BE;\n}\n.xl8427514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#BF8F00;\n}\n.xl8527514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:gray;\n}\n.xl8627514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:gray;\n}\n.xl8727514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:gray;\n}\n.xl8827514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:gray;\n}\n.xl8927514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#BF8F00;\n}\n.xl9027514\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#BF8F00;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl6527514 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6427514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6427514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6427514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6327514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6427514  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6627514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6727514  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>5<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8427514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ence<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8527514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8627514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>when<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8727514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>your<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>age<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8527514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>don\u2019t<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9027514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ex-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8427514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ist<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8527514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Man<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7027514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>swear<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nig-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ga<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + 8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=26 style='height:19.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=26 class=xl6727514  width=64 style='height:19.5pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>6<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7127514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>trip-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7227514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pin\u2019<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>off<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7327514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>shit<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7427514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7427514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>gain<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7127514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Pick<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7227514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>him<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>up<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>then I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7327514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>set<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7427514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>him<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7427514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + 4 + (8) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6727514  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>7<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7027514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Cold<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7527514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>wat<font class=\"font627514\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7627514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7027514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>then<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7527514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>or<font class=\"font627514\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7627514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>der<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7027514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>some<font class=\"font727514\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>one &#8211; to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bring<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>him<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7327514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Vi<font class=\"font527514\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7427514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>co-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7427514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>din<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + (6) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6727514  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7027514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Hope<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>take<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7727514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pain<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>way<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>from &#8211; the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7727514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>feel<font class=\"font527514\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ing<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>he<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7727514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>feel<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>to-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7827514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>day<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(4 + 8) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6727514  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>9<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7927514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>know<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8027514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>when &#8211; you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8027514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>part<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8127514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>of<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8227514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>sec<font class=\"font527514\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8327514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8327514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>eigh-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8127514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ty &#8211; you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8227514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>feel<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8027514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>like<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8027514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>no<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8127514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>one<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8227514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>can<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8327514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>re-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8327514 width=64 style='width:48pt'>late<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8127514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>cause<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8127514 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(4 + 8) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 6b. Prototypical verse onset in \u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d (2011), mm. 5\u20139 (0:27\u20130:38).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-6.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 6<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.3 Rhyming Block<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<p>Within a verse, we call a subsection unified by a common rhyme a rhyming block (Example 7a). A prototypical rhyming block has primary rhymes on BC 12, or BCs 4 and 12; other BC rhymes (e.g., 8, 10) occur, but less frequently. Like a verse onset, the more local rhyming block has rhymes that do not align with the beat track, high rhyme prevalence, a third-person point of view and story, a rapped delivery, a typical length of 4\u20138 measures, measure-long sentences with non-repeated lyrics, and unevenly spaced rhymes. Due to its relaxed state and salient position beginning and ending a verse, a rhyming block is a verse\u2019s default expectation.<span id='easy-footnote-36-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-36-6643' title='Example 6b was also an instance of a rhyming block, although there we focused on its differences with the preceding chorus.'><sup>36<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Example 7b, from \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2010), shows a rhyming block in mm. 4\u201310 toward the beginning of the song\u2019s only verse. This rhyming block has many typical features: primary rhymes unified by their placement at BC 12, a variety of unevenly spaced rhymes (e.g., the blue ones on BC 0), measure-long sentences, an extraordinarily high rhyme prevalence (7 x (16) between primary rhymes on BC 12), lyrics that do not repeat, a subsection-level length of seven measures, and a third-person focus on an impressively long list of drugs.<span id='easy-footnote-37-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-37-6643' title='Another typical rhyming block is from \u201cSwimming Pools (Drank)\u201d from &lt;em&gt;Good Kid&lt;\/em&gt;. The role (at 0:25\u20130:38) is suggested in a four-measure-long unit by primary rhymes centered around BC 10 (not 12!), non-repeated lyrics, a third-person story, measure-long sentences, unevenly spaced rhymes, and high rhyme prevalence.'><sup>37<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p>Verse Role (de Clercq 2012, 114\u2013115)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Low focal quality<\/li>\n<li>Main section role<\/li>\n<li>Unmemorable<\/li>\n<li>Musical material repeats<\/li>\n<li>8\u201316 bars long<\/li>\n<li>First vocal material<\/li>\n<li>Develops a story<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><td><p>Lamar\u2019s Rhyming Block Role<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Area of common rhyme placement (e.g., BC 4 and 12)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Rhymes do not usually align with beat track<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>High rhyme prevalence (focal rhyme)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>3<sup>rd<\/sup> -person point of view, story<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Rapped<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Often 4\u20138 measures in length<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Measure-long sentences with non-repeated lyrics<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-family: Alegreya; font-size: inherit;\">Unevenly spaced rhymes<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Example 7a. Characteristic features of the rhyming block role.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style 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class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=22 style='height:16.5pt'>\n  <td height=22 class=xl6314600 width=64 style='height:16.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6514600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6514600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6514600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6414600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6514600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>0<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Some<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>times<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>wa-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>na<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>1<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>say<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>rap<font class=\"font614600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pin<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>need<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>mon-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ey<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>now<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Like<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>(2) + 4 + 12<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>2<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>should<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>start<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>trap<font class=\"font614600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pin\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>If<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>what<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>write<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>down<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>don\u2019t<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>col-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>(2) + 4 + 12<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>3<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>lect<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>this<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ver-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>y<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>mo<font class=\"font614600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ment<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>then<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I\u2019m<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>on<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>it<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>no<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ques<font class=\"font614600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>4 + 8 + 12<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>4<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7314600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>streets<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nig<font class=\"font514600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>gas<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>is<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>well<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7714600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>con-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>nect<font class=\"font614600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ted<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>let\u2019s<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>see<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Do<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + (9) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>5<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>cop<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>pound<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>of<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>kush<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Pro-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>meth-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>zine<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>or<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>push<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>some<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>E?<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Ox-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>y-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:7'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>6<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8314600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>con<font class=\"font614600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tin<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>have<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>me<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>lay<font class=\"font514600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in\u2019<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>on<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>soft<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8314600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>cot<font class=\"font614600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ton<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>when<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>sleep?<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>This<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>is<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + (8) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:8'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>7<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>deep<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>as<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ab-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>byss<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I\u2019m<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>not<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>just<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>rhym<font class=\"font514600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in\u2019<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>on<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>beat<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>be<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=23 style='height:17.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:9'>\n  <td height=23 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:17.5pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>spots<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>chop<font class=\"font614600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pin<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>rocks<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>like<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Flint<font class=\"font514600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>stone<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>feet<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>This<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>is<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + (2) + (5) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:10'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>9<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>me<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8714600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Frust<font class=\"font514600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>tra-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ted<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bat<font class=\"font614600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ti-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8914600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>own<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>E-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9014600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>vils<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Fin-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>na\u2019<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + (7) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:11;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6714600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>10<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9114600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>sad<font class=\"font614600\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dle<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9214600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>up<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9314600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9414600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>work<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>cross<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9314600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>O-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>hi-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9714600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>o<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9314600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9614600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Ge-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9714600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>o<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9514600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9814600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Or<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9314600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + 8 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 7b. \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2010), mm. 4\u201310 (0:28\u20130:44).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-7.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 7<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.4 Parenthetical Chorus<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<p>Example 8a demonstrates the role of a parenthetical chorus, a brief, chorus-like passage that adds variety to a verse. Although this role\u2019s internal features tend to be chorus-like, its context and brevity dissuade listeners from inferring a section-level chorus, and its primary rhymes may also be on BCs 4 and 12, thereby lessening its contrast with surrounding verse material. This role has a rich analogue in de Clercq\u2019s pop-rock \u201cincipient chorus\u201d (2012, 215): a short, chorus-like phrase subordinate to an overall verse. Parenthetical choruses have robust support across the hip-hop genre: first, Edwards (2009, 191) mentions the possibility of \u201chidden hooks,\u201d and second, they occur in verses of emcees other than Lamar.<span id='easy-footnote-38-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-38-6643' title='Two examples mentioned to us by Mitch Ohriner include \u201cGet By\u201d by Talib Kweli, Verse 1, 0:22\u20130:26, in which \u201cJust to get by. . . \u201d is pitched, and \u201cCadallactica\u201d by Big K.R.I.T., in Verse 1, 0:55\u20130:58, in which \u201cCadillac-lac-lac, . . . &amp;nbsp;too early for the hook\u201d acknowledges in the lyrics themselves a brief chorus-like moment.'><sup>38<\/sup><\/a><\/span> In Example 8b, the parenthetical chorus in mm. 10\u201311 is sandwiched between two rhyming blocks in mm. 6\u20139 and 12\u201317, of which mm. 6\u20139 and 12\u201315 are shown. In contrast with the song\u2019s two rhyming blocks, this parenthetical chorus (mm. 10\u201311) is more repetitious with rhymes between BCs 0, 4, 8, and \u00bb12.<span id='easy-footnote-39-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-39-6643' title='In mm. 10\u201311, we hear the secondary rhymes on BCs 3 and 11 as approximating 4 and 12 since we sense metrical accents on BCs 0 and 8 and infer beats on BCs 4 and 12.'><sup>39<\/sup><\/a><\/span> It also has more general lyrics (e.g., \u201cyou, are, you are\u201d), a second-person point of view, a sung delivery, and background vocals. It is the length of a single couplet to not suggest a new, full-fledged chorus. And lastly, its primary rhymes are on BCs 0 and 8, a placement that is not required for this role but adds to our sense of chorus quality. This parenthetical chorus injects some needed variety into what could have been a lengthy, overly static rhyming block. While surrounding rhyming blocks depict uncritically a story of someone using drugs, mm. 10\u201311 instead make a point expected in the conscious rap genre\u2014drug use is not without reason, and, according to Lamar, underlying drug use is a lonely, disempowered individual.<span id='easy-footnote-40-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-40-6643' title='Other typical instances of parenthetical choruses in Lamar are from \u201cNight of the Living Junkies\u201d (2:33\u20132:41, &lt;em&gt;Overly Dedicated&lt;\/em&gt;) and \u201cP&amp;amp;P 1.5\u201d (3:33\u20133:41, &lt;em&gt;Overly Dedicated&lt;\/em&gt;). Both instances have primary rhymes on BC 12. As well, the former foreshadows the coming chorus due to its quasi-sung delivery and position immediately before that chorus; this role can thus resemble a prechorus from pop-rock traditions.'><sup>40<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p>Pop-Rock \u201cIncipient Chorus\u201d (de Clercq 2012, 215)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Brief chorus-like passage<\/li>\n<li>Occurs within longer verse<\/li>\n<li>One phrase long<\/li>\n<li>Throwback to incipient verse-chorus form<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><td><p>Lamar\u2019s Parenthetical Chorus Role<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Repetitious<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Equally spaced, highly prevalent rhymes<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Short in length (e.g., couplet)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Inserted before, between, or after subsections in longer verse<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Sung<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Texturally emphasized<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-family: Alegreya; font-size: inherit;\">Memorable names<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Example 8a. Characteristic features of the parenthetical chorus role.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style 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class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl6315792 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6515792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6515792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6515792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6415792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6515792  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6615792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6715792  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>6<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>trip<font class=\"font615792\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6915792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pin\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>off<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>that<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7215792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>shit<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>gain<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Pick<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6915792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>him<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>up<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>then &#8211; I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7215792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>set<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>him<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>(0) + 4 + (8) + 12<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6715792  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>7<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><font class=\"font515792\">Cold<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7515792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>wat-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7615792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>then<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7515792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>or-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7615792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>der<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>some<font class=\"font615792\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>one \u2013 to<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bring<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>him<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7215792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Vi-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Co-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>din<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + (6) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6715792  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Hope<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>to<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>take<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pain<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7915792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7915792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>way<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>From &#8211; the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>feel-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ing<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>that<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>he<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>feel<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7915792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>to-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7915792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Day<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>You<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>4 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6715792  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>9<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8015792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>know<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>when &#8211; you<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>part<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8215792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>of<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8315792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>sec<font class=\"font615792\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8415792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8315792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>eigh-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8215792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>ty<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8015792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>you<font class=\"font615792\">\n  &#8211; feel<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>like<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>no<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8215792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>one<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8315792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>can<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8415792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>re-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8415792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>late<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8215792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>cause<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>4 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6715792  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>10<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8515792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>you<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8615792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>are<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>you<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>are<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8515792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>lo-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8615792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ner<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>lo-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ner<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Mar-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>i-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>0 + (<font class=\"font815792\">\u00bb<\/font><font\n  class=\"font715792\">4) + 8 + (<\/font><font class=\"font815792\">\u00bb<\/font><font\n  class=\"font715792\">12)<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6715792  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>11<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8915792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>juan-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl9015792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>a<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8215792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>en-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8015792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>dor-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>phins<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>make<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8215792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>you<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8915792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>strong-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl9015792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>er<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl9115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl9215792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>strong-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl9115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>er<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>I\u2019m<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8115792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>in<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl8215792 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>0 + 8 + (<font class=\"font815792\">\u00bb<\/font><font\n  class=\"font715792\">12)<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:7'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6715792  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>house<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>par-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ty<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>trip-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>off<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>My<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>gen-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>sip-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pin\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>cough<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>4 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:8'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6715792  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>13<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>sy-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>rup<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>like<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>its<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9515792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>wat<font class=\"font615792\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9615792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ne &#8211; ver<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>no<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pan-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>cakes<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>kitch<font class=\"font615792\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>en<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Man<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>no<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(4) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:9'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6715792  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>14<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>won <font class=\"font615792\">&#8211;\n  der<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>our<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>lives<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>is<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9515792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>caught<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9615792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>up<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dai-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ly<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>su-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>per-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9315792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>sti-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9415792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>That<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(4) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:10;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6715792  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>15<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>world<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>is<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bout<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9915792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>to<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>end<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>who<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>gives<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9915792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9715792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>we<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>nev &#8211; er<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9915792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>do<\/td>\n  <td class=xl10015792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>list<font class=\"font615792\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl10115792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>en<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9815792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Un &#8211;<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9915792 width=64 style='width:48pt'>less &#8211; it<\/td>\n  <td class=xl10215792  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 8b. \u201cA.D.H.D.\u201d (2011), mm. 6\u201315 (0:41\u20130:46).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-8.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 8<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5 Excursion<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<p>Example 9a demonstrates the tense role that we call an excursion.<span id='easy-footnote-41-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-41-6643' title=' As reported by Edwards (2009, 181), Big Daddy Kane notes that freestyling, a potential precursor to our excursion role, was once a style of rapping where an emcee would come up with ideas on the spot.'><sup>41<\/sup><\/a><\/span> As shown at the top right of the example, an excursion is a tense, bridge-like role at the subsection or section level; it typically occurs halfway to 2\/3rds through a verse or song. Its improvisatory flavor results from irregular rhyme placement and periodicities, low prevalence, and quickly changing topics in the lyrics.<span id='easy-footnote-42-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-42-6643' title='Komaniecki (2019, 95) discusses similar \u201cnon-binary rhyme schemes\u201d evocative of freestyle, improvised rap. Biamonte (2014, [7.9]) defines a \u201cdissonant bridge\u201d having the formal function of a bridge and tense techniques such as departure from the tonic, tonally open endings, increased harmonic dissonance and chromaticism, metrical dissonance, wider or higher register, sequences, and textural disruptions.'><sup>42<\/sup><\/a><\/span> A pop-rock bridge is its closest analogue since it also occurs halfway to 2\/3rds through a song, contrasts with other sections, and is tonally unstable. In Example 9b, a typical excursion at the subsection level occurs in mm. 10\u201315 from \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2010). This excerpt has tense rhymes on BCs 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 15 instead of BC 12 (except m. 10). Rhyme periodicities vary and prevalence is very low: m. 11\u2019s \u201c.zip\u201d and \u201czip\u201d (green) have a periodicity of a quarter and a prevalence of 2 x (4) while \u201cKilo\u201d and \u201cneedle\u201d (mm. 12\u201313, yellow) have a whole-note periodicity and a prevalence of 2 x (16). Quick jumps in thought abound: Lamar alights upon travel, selling drugs, the music industry, and basketball in only six measures.<span id='easy-footnote-43-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-43-6643' title=' Another prototypical instance of an excursion in Lamar\u2019s songs is from \u201cNight of the Living Junkies\u201d (&lt;em&gt;Overly Dedicated&lt;\/em&gt;). In this instance (2:10\u20132:33), a six-measure excursion on the subsection level leads to a couplet-length parenthetical chorus (\u201cLights will flash, cars will crash. . . \u201d), which foreshadows (as a prechorus) a coming chorus.'><sup>43<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p>Bridge Role (de Clercq 2012, 115)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Halfway to 2\/3rds through song<\/li>\n<li>Most contrasting role<\/li>\n<li>Follows 2<sup>nd<\/sup> verse or 2<sup>nd<\/sup> chorus<\/li>\n<li>Leads to return of main material<\/li>\n<li>Lacks harmonic or tonal closure<\/li>\n<li>Harmonically distant, unstable<\/li>\n<li>Textural contrast<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><td><p>Lamar\u2019s Excursion Role<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tense, irregular rhyme placement, periodicities<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lack of repetition<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Less prevalent rhymes<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Quickly changing topics in lyrics<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>3<sup>rd<\/sup>-person story<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Occurs halfway to 2\/3rds through verse or song<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Example 9a. Characteristic features of the excursion role.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style 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class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=22 style='height:16.5pt'>\n  <td height=22 class=xl6311178 width=64 style='height:16.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511178  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6611178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6711178  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>10<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>sad<font class=\"font611178\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7611178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dle<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7611178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>up<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>that<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>work<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>cross<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>O-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>hi-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7711178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>o<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Ge-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7711178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>o<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Or<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + 8 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6711178  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>11<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>should<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>sell<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mu-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>sic<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8211178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>.zip<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8311178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>buy<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>your<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8211178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>zip<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>and<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8411178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>hope<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>one<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>day<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>it<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>6 + 10<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6711178  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>flour<font class=\"font511178\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ish<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Ki<font class=\"font611178\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>lo<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7411178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Track<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8511178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7511178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>record<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8611178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>of a<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8311178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>hust-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ler<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7411178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Rath<font class=\"font611178\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8611178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(4) + 8 + 14<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6711178  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>13<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7411178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>rec<font class=\"font611178\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7511178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ords<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>on<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>need-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>le<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mak-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in\u2019<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8711178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Mus-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ic<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8411178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Clock-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>fast<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + (4) + 8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6711178  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>14<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bank<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>like<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>shot<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>from<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Pat-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>rick<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8711178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Ew-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ing<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>My<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8411178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>nig-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ga<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>what<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911178  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6711178  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>15<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>do-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9011178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>on<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>these<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>cor<font class=\"font511178\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ners<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8911178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>whip<font class=\"font611178\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9111178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ping?<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9211178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9311178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9411178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>thought<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9311178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>you<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9311178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>had<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9311178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9411178 width=64 style='width:48pt'>show<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7811178 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>0 + 6 + 15<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 9b. \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2010), mm. 10\u201315 (0:39\u20130:53).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-9.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 9<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.6 Crisis<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<p>As shown in Example 10a, Lamar\u2019s crisis role is an intensification, typically late in a verse or song, that imprints in listeners\u2019 minds the effects of violence in the Black community. This intensification is suggested by an increase in rhyme or syllable density in opposition to relaxed rhyme placement. The closest pop-rock analogues are lengthy, climactic plateaus at the ends of songs (e.g., in \u201cHey Jude\u201d by the Beatles), though Lamar\u2019s crises can occur on the subsection level.<span id='easy-footnote-44-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-44-6643' title='Intensifications to climaxes have been noted in pop-rock forms by Osborn (2013), who defines the concept of a terminal climax, or a climactic plateau at the end of a song that presents new material, and by Spicer (2004), who defines a cumulative form as working toward a climax of recapitulated material.'><sup>44<\/sup><\/a><\/span> A crisis\u2019s mixture of tension and relaxation suggests catharsis, the powerful releasing and purging of strong emotions. Tension is created by an acceleration in rhymes, whereas relaxation is by rhyme placement at odds with the beat track\u2014most typically on BCs 4 and 12. Lamar includes recognizable names to promote memorability. The crisis role shows the influence of the conscious rap genre on Lamar\u2019s songs: just as this genre seeks to build listeners\u2019 awareness of violence, a crisis attempts to imprint these issues on listeners\u2019 minds.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p>(1) Terminal Climax in Pop-Rock Form (Osborn 2013)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climactic plateau at end of song, new material<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(2) Climactic Recapitulation in Cumulative Form (Spicer 2004)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climactic plateau at end of song, old material<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><td><p>Lamar\u2019s Crisis Role<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Relaxed rhyme placement not aligned with beat track<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Increase in density of rhymes or syllables<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Memorable names<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Violent situation<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Late in verse or song<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Example 10a. Characteristic features of the crisis role.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book3_21600_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.font521600\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font621600\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font721600\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n}\n.font821600\n\t{color:red;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n}\n.font921600\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font1021600\n\t{color:red;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.xl1521600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6321600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6421600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl6521600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl6621600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl6721600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6821600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6921600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#8EAADB;\n}\n.xl7021600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7121600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#F4B083;\n}\n.xl7221600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7321600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#8EAADB;\n}\n.xl7421600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#8EAADB;\n}\n.xl7521600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7621600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#FFE599;\n}\n.xl7721600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FFE599;\n}\n.xl7821600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7921600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FBE4D5;\n}\n.xl8021600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FBE4D5;\n}\n.xl8121600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8221600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8321600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8421600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8521600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FBE4D5;\n}\n.xl8621600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#FBE4D5;\n}\n.xl8721600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#F4B083;\n}\n.xl8821600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl8921600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl9021600\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl6321600 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6521600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6521600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6521600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6421600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6521600  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6721600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>42<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>is<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6921600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>un-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>der<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>feet<font class=\"font621600\">,<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>and<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7321600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>come<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>peace<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>to<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7321600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>com-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pete<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>don\u2019t<font class=\"font521600\"><span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7421600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>run<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7521600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>(1) + <font class=\"font521600\">4<\/font><font\n  class=\"font621600\"> + (7) + (11) + <\/font><font class=\"font521600\">12<\/font><font\n  class=\"font621600\"> + (15)<\/font><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6721600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>43<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>if<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>you<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>rath-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>er<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>leap<font class=\"font621600\">,<\/font><font\n  class=\"font721600\"><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>stat-<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ist<font class=\"font621600\">&#8211;<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ics<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>go<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>up<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>weeks<font class=\"font821600\"><span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>And I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>go<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>vis-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>4 + (<font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font\n  class=\"font521600\">8) + 12<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6721600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>44<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>it<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>near-<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>est<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>creek<font class=\"font621600\">,<\/font><font\n  class=\"font721600\"><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>and I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>get<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bus-<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>y<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>on<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>many<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>M-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>C<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Really<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ball-<font class=\"font1021600\"><span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ist-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(<font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font521600\">0)\n  + 4 + 12<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6721600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>45<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ic,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>any<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>body<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>can<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>see<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Any<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>as-<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>sist-<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ance,<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>every-<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>body<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>de-<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ceased<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Some<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>per-<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>sist-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(<font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font521600\">0)\n  + 4 + (<\/font><font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font521600\">8) +\n  12<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6721600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>46<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ence,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>recog-<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>nize<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7521600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>be<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Really<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>too<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>vic-<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ious,<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>perman-<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7521600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>nent<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>beast<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>And the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>demo-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>li-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(<font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font521600\">0)\n  + 4 + (<\/font><font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font521600\">8) +\n  12<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6721600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>47<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>breaking<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>up<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7521600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>street<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Better<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>par-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ti-<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>better<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dot<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7521600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>your<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>T<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>And I<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>gon\u2019<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>men-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(<font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font521600\">0)\n  + 4 + (<\/font><font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font521600\">8) +\n  12<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:7'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6721600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>48<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>how the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>far<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7521600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>you<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>see<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Putting<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>my<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dick<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in the<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>rap<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in-<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7521600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dust-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ry<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Every-<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>body<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bitch-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(<font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font521600\">0)\n  + 4 + (<\/font><font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font521600\">8) +\n  12<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:8'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6721600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>49<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ing,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>getting<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7921600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>mad<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>at<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>me<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Recog-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nize<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Ken-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>drick<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7921600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>batt-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>y<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>And I\u2019m<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8221600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>charged<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>up,<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(<font class=\"font921600\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font521600\">0)\n  + 4 + 8 + 12<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:9'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6721600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>50<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>and the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>cat-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7921600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ast-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ro-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>phe<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Is<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>charged<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>up,<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>and the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>aud-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7921600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ci-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7121600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ty<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Of<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>y\u2019all<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>fucks<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>4 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:10;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl6721600  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>51<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8321600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>never<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8421600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>could<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8521600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>hass-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8621600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>le<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>me<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8821600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>And<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8421600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>y\u2019all<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8921600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>luck<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8421600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>just<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8321600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ran<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8421600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>out,<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>you\u2019ll<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8721600 width=64 style='width:48pt'>see<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8421600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8421600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9021600 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>4 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 10b. \u201cRigamortis\u201d (2011), mm. 42\u201351 (2:28\u20132:54).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-10.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 10<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Example 10b demonstrates a typical crisis with mm. 42\u201351 from \u201cRigamortis\u201d (2011). This excerpt is a crisis since it includes both tense and relaxed aspects, an increase in syllable density culminating in m. 51 (\u201cand y\u2019all luck just ran out, you\u2019ll see\u201d), and lyrics that threaten to kill all other rappers (albeit nonviolently and musically). Words such as \u201cKendrick\u201d and \u201ccatastrophe\u201d increase the memorability and sense of impending doom, respectively. In addition to the increasing number of 32<sup>nd<\/sup> notes, which increase syllable density and rising tension, increasing textural density and Lamar\u2019s rising pitch height offer added support (m. 46 on). Rhyme placement is relaxed, with primary rhymes on BCs 4 and 12 and secondary rhymes approximating BC 0 and 8.<span id='easy-footnote-45-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-45-6643' title='Lamar\u2019s delivery emphasizes rhymes on BC 4 and 12 by consistently delivering them at a higher pitch than the other BCs.'><sup>45<\/sup><\/a><\/span> At the climactic moment (m. 51, BCs 5\u201312), Lamar spits words intensely to sustain the long breath and maintain a loud dynamic level.<span id='easy-footnote-46-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-46-6643' title='Other typical instances of crises in Lamar\u2019s output occur in \u201cM.a.a.D. City\u201d (&lt;em&gt;Good Kid&lt;\/em&gt;) and in \u201cDNA.\u201d (&lt;em&gt;DAMN.&lt;\/em&gt;). In the former (0:58\u20132:08), which occurs on the subsection level, an increase in rhyme density starts with \u201cBut ever since that day, I was lookin\u2019 at him different\u201d and ends with \u201cAK\u2019s, AR\u2019s, \u2018Ayy, y\u2019all duck\u2019. . . ;\u201d in the latter (2:02\u20133:05), which occurs on the section level, increased syllable density across the entire song is suggested by a move from duple to triplet sixteenths. Both crises include relaxed rhyme placement, memorable names, and violent situations.'><sup>46<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.7 Intro<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>We identify three prototypical intros in Lamar\u2019s songs (Example 11a). Some of Lamar\u2019s intros follow pop-rock practice and are instrumental (Case 1). Others (Case 2) feature unmeasured speech with an absent beat track or combine a beat track with isolated bursts of measured or unmeasured lyrics (Case 3). In Cases 2 and 3, speech is introductory and dramatizes a song\u2019s setting. As shown in Example 11b, Lamar\u2019s \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2010) has an intro resembling Case 3 since instrumental samples at 0:10 support an unmeasured declaration of the time at night (\u201cThis is me thinking at 4:43 am, June 6\u201d). These introductory lyrics dramatize the song\u2019s setting: Lamar\u2019s self-talk results from the fatigue and despair of nighttime, whereas during the daytime he has greater confidence. Similar intros in Lamar can be found that affirm these three categories.<span id='easy-footnote-47-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-47-6643' title='Additional examples include the intro to \u201cBlow My High (Members Only)\u201d from &lt;em&gt;Section.80&lt;\/em&gt; (0:0\u20130:19), a section that contains instrumental samples (Case 1); \u201cHiiiPoWeR\u201d from &lt;em&gt;Section.80&lt;\/em&gt; (0:0\u20130:10) features unmeasured speech (Case 2); and \u201cBarbed Wire\u201d from &lt;em&gt;Overly Dedicated&lt;\/em&gt; (0:0\u20130:20) is instrumental with short bursts of lyrics (Case 3).'><sup>47<\/sup><\/a><\/span>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p>Pop-Rock Intro Role (de Clercq 2012, 116)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Instrumental<\/li>\n<li>Subsidiary<\/li>\n<li>Contains material from main section roles<\/li>\n<li>Contains link material<\/li>\n<li>Fades in<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><td><p>Lamar\u2019s Intro Role<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Case 1: instrumental samples without rapped speech (fade-in)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Case 2: unmeasured, introductory speech with absent beat track, e.g., skit<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-family: Alegreya; font-size: inherit;\">Hybrid Case 3: sparse introductory speech (measured or unmeasured) against instrumental samples<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Example 11a. Characteristic features of the intro role. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-example-11b\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-example-11b-1024x213.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7067\" width=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-example-11b-1024x213.png 1024w, https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-example-11b-300x62.png 300w, https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-example-11b-768x160.png 768w, https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-example-11b-1536x319.png 1536w, https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-example-11b.png 1842w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 706px) 89vw, (max-width: 767px) 82vw, 740px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><em>Example 11b. \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (0:10\u20130:18).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-11.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 11<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>We have thus defined seven normative formal roles in Lamar\u2019s songs as modifications of pop-rock analogues. With the formal roles in Lamar\u2019s songs defined, we next examine how formal ambiguity arises in them.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Formal Ambiguity in Lamar\u2019s Songs<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p>We examine the problem of formal ambiguity in Lamar by building again on de Clercq\u2019s prototype-based approach (2017). In this recent study of formal ambiguity in rock music, de Clercq proposes three ambiguity-creating strategies: successive formal roles may be telescoped, thereby making blends (i.e., hybrids); roles may be weakly differentiated, thereby lessening formal contrasts; and finally, a formal grouping may function on more than one level.<span id='easy-footnote-48-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-48-6643' title='de Clercq (2017, [3.4]) shows weak section differentiation and ambiguity of level in the first verse from \u201cI Still Haven\u2019t Found What I\u2019m Lookin\u2019 For\u201d by U2. De Clercq argues that the 24-measure verse can be heard as ending with an 8-measure refrain, or as a 16-measure verse plus an 8-measure chorus (ambiguity of level). Weak section differentiation in this situation results from a similar tessitura throughout the passage.'><sup>48<\/sup><\/a><\/span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Does Lamar also use blended roles, weakly differentiated sections, and passages that function on multiple levels? These questions, such as the use of role blending in creating formal ambiguity, have not been sufficiently addressed in Lamar\u2019s songs. Bungert (2019) notes how Lamar\u2019s \u201cKing Kunta\u201d (2015) has formal sections that face both forward and backward. Bungert explains the song\u2019s formal ambiguity as a rivalry between offset verse-chorus and chorus-verse cycles. In Figure 6, the verse-chorus view (layer a) asserts a verse in m. 1, a chorus in m. 9, and then three more verse-chorus cycles; the chorus-verse view (layer b) instead asserts an intro in mm. 1\u20138 followed by three chorus-verse cycles and a final chorus. However, the verse-chorus view in layer a is contradicted by mm. 1\u20138\u2019s introductory character and sparse lyrics (e.g., \u201cI\u2019m mad (he mad)\u201d), while the chorus-verse view (layer b) is richly supported by mm. 9\u201316\u2019s repetitious lyrics occurring four times in the song. An ambiguity assumes an irreducible duality of states. The verse-chorus and chorus-verse views, however, are not equally compelling and thus do not suggest one.<span id='easy-footnote-49-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-49-6643' title='Bungert\u2019s note 6 admits: \u201cIt could be argued that the \u2018verse-chorus paradigm\u2019 is more applicable to pop\/rock than to hip hop.\u201d Although a few of Lamar\u2019s songs begin with a verse (e.g., \u201cAb-Soul\u2019s Outro\u201d from &lt;em&gt;Section.80&lt;\/em&gt;), it is an overreach to import from pop-rock traditions the expectation of a verse as preceding a chorus.'><sup>49<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Instead, as we will argue, the forward- and backward-facing qualities of \u201cKing Kunta\u201d can be explained through formalizing the parameters involved in ambiguous roles.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-figure-6\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-figure-6-1024x397.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7070\" width=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-figure-6-1024x397.png 1024w, https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-figure-6-300x116.png 300w, https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-figure-6-768x298.png 768w, https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-figure-6.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 706px) 89vw, (max-width: 767px) 82vw, 740px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Figure 6. Bungert\u2019s analysis of form in \u201cKing Kunta.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In comparison with pop and rock genres, in which harmony, melody, and voice leading are primary in creating formal ambiguity, in Lamar\u2019s music rhyme manipulation and lyrics are primary. Working within these salient parameters, Lamar broadens the scope of de Clercq\u2019s mechanisms: formal blends may be independent of telescoping; and formal telescoping and weak section differentiation (hereafter called <em>weak unit differentiation<\/em>) are extended to the subsection level. In the remainder of this section, we note examples of formal blends in Lamar\u2019s songs and show how they result from the expressive needs of each song. In our final section, we will show how all the techniques discussed\u2014control of tension, formal roles, and formal ambiguity\u2014explain comprehensible forms and correlate with lyrics in two of Lamar\u2019s songs, \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2010) and \u201cKing Kunta\u201d (2015).<\/p>\n<p>On the subsection level in verses, so far we have found three instances of blends in Lamar\u2019s songs. Each type problematizes low tension in rhymes, demonstrates the salience of lyrics as formal criteria, and serves the expressive needs of each song. Following de Clercq (2012, 214), we format each blend as two terms joined by a slash, although we reverse this order and lead with a primary (or situational context) label, followed by a secondary (or content) label. The three instances of blends are shown in Figure 7: a parenthetical chorus\/intro blend in \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2010) combines chorus-like aspects such as evenly spaced rhymes with introductory lyrics; a rhyming block\/excursion blend in \u201cRigamortis\u201d (2011) combines primary rhymes on BC 4 and 12 at the beginning of a verse with quickly changing literary topics; and the rhyming block\/crisis blend from \u201cR.O.T.C.\u201d has relaxed rhyme placement against lyrics that imply impending violence. The blends are also motivated by narrative strategies: the rhyming block\/excursion blend in \u201cRigamortis\u201d aligns with the song\u2019s message that Lamar is an otherworldly rapper who will \u201ckill\u201d all competitors.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td class=\"fancy\">\n<p><strong>Name<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td class=\"fancy\">\n<p><strong>Tension in Rhymes<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td class=\"fancy\">\n<p><strong>Location in Verse<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td class=\"fancy\">\n<p><strong>Criteria<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td class=\"fancy\">\n<p><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><strong>Parenthetical Chorus\/Intro<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Relaxed<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Beginning<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>1<sup>st<\/sup>-person lyrics, has diss, boast, or critique, is repetitious, has evenly spaced rhymes versus introductory lyrics<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>\u201cR.O.T.C.,\u201d mm. 0\u20134, 0:17\u20130:29 (\u201cSometimes I wanna say f*** rapping\u2026\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><strong>Rhyming Block\/Excursion<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Relaxed<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Beginning<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Rhymes on BC 4 and 12 versus quickly changing topics in lyrics<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>\u201cRigamortis,\u201d mm. 6\u201317, 0:27\u20130:59 (\u201cAnd this is rigamortis and it\u2019s gorgeous\u2026\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>mm. 36\u201339, 1:45\u20131:53 (\u201cand made him Casper, I captured the likes\u2026\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><strong>Rhyming Block\/Crisis<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Relaxed<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>End<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Rhymes on BC 12 versus lyrics suggesting violence<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>\u201cR.O.T.C.,\u201d mm. 35\u201340, 1:42\u20131:57 (\u201cYou\u2019ll know I always had a passion\u2026\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Figure 7. Instances of subsection-level blends in Lamar\u2019s songs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>On the section level, we have found a variety of formal blends in Lamar\u2019s songs that show the centrality of lyrics within formal roles. Figure 8 shows instances of blends having situational contexts of verse, chorus, or intro. In the verse-based blends, a verse\/excursion in \u201cKing Kunta\u201d combines verse-like rhyme placement on BCs 4 and 12 with excursion aspects in the lyrics. A verse\/chorus in \u201cELEMENT.\u201d has verse context combined with chorus features such as rhymes aligned with the beat track (BCs 0 and 8), critical lyrics, and a first-person point of view. In the chorus-based blends, we have already seen how a chorus\/excursion in \u201cRigamortis\u201d (see also Example 2) combines a chorus context and repeated lyrics with an excursion\u2019s tense rhymes and quickly changing imagery. In this category, an intriguing chorus\/verse in \u201cBackseat Freestyle\u201d has a chorus context, first-person point of view, and a threat (or boast) combined with a verse\u2019s rhyme placement on BCs 4 and 12, long sentences, and a lack of repetition. In the final category, intro-based blends, an intro\/chorus in \u201cAlright\u201d continues the trend toward salient lyrics since introductory, sparse lyrics are counterbalanced by frequent repetitions, a chorus feature. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\n<p><strong>Name<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><strong>Tension in Rhymes<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><strong>Location in Song<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><strong>Criteria<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\" class=\"fancy\">\n<p><strong>Verse Primary<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><strong>Verse\/Excursion<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Relaxed<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Verse<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Rhymes on BC 4 and 12 versus quick jumps in thought in lyrics<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>\u201cKing Kunta,\u201d mm. 56\u201372, 2:07\u20132:26 (\u201cI was gonna kill a couple\u2026\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><strong>Verse\/Chorus<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Relaxed<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Verse<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Verse context versus rhymes aligned with the beat track on BC 0 and 8, critical lyrics, and 1<sup>st<\/sup>-person view<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>\u201cELEMENT.,\u201d from <em>Damn<\/em>, Verse 1, 0:20\u20131:00 (\u201cI\u2019m willing to die for this shit\u2026\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\" class=\"fancy\">\n<p><strong>Chorus Primary<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><strong>Chorus\/Excursion<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Tense<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Chorus<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Chorus context and repeated lyrics versus tense rhymes, wordplay, quickly changing imagery in lyrics<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>\u201cRigamortis,\u201d mm. 1\u20133, 0:13\u20130:21 (\u201cGot me breathing with dragons\u2026\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><strong>Chorus\/Verse<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Relaxed<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Chorus<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Chorus context, 1<sup>st<\/sup>-person view, and threat\/boast versus rhymes on BC \u00bb4 and 12, long sentences, lack of repetition<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>\u201cBackseat Freestyle,\u201d from <em>Good Kid, M.A.A.D. City<\/em>, 0:15\u20130:40 (\u201cAll my life I want money and power\u2026\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\" class=\"fancy\">\n<p><strong>Intro Primary<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><strong>Intro\/Chorus<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Relaxed<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Intro<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>Intro context, introductory and sparse lyrics versus rhymes on BC 8 and 0, repetitive lyrics<\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p>\u201cAlright,\u201d from <em>To Pimp a Butterfly<\/em>, Intro, 0:02\u20130:19 (\u201cAll my life I has to fight\u2026\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Figure 8. Instances of section-level blends in Lamar\u2019s songs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>As demonstrated above, the exact choice of blended roles and their ordering in time is shaped by the expressive needs of each individual song. We will accordingly trace tension, formal roles, and formal ambiguities in two Lamar songs: his early song \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude),\u201d which is dominated by one long rapped verse divided into subsections, and the well-known \u201cKing Kunta,\u201d which is saturated on the section level with chorus-based blends.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1 \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d: A Case of Formal Stretching<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>In this section, we examine Lamar\u2019s song \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d from <em>Overly Dedicated<\/em> (2010), demonstrating our entire analytical methodology. This song, produced by Jairus \u201cJ-Mo\u201d Mozee, exemplifies stretching since its flow is limited to a single, long rapped verse, thereby indicating authenticity and showcasing Lamar\u2019s lyrical abilities.<span id='easy-footnote-50-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-50-6643' title='The larger mixtape marks Lamar\u2019s emergence as a thinking rapper with songs that change perspectives and tones (Reeves 2017).'><sup>50<\/sup><\/a><\/span> This song is one of only two in the corpus with one verse and one chorus, and one of seven with one verse. Within its single verse, formal ambiguity arises from weak unit differentiation, brief formal overlaps, and formal blends.<\/p>\n<p>The verse explores a late-night, internal debate on whether the protagonist (presumably Lamar) should drop a stalled rapping career and take up selling drugs instead. The song\u2019s title repurposes the expected meaning of \u201cR.O.T.C.\u201d (Reserve Officers\u2019 Training Corps) as \u201cRight On Time Conscience,\u201d hinting at the protagonist\u2019s ultimate decision to focus on their rapping career. The chorus is sung by BJ the Chicago Kid, covering Billy Caldwell in \u201cOpen Your Eyes\u201d (1980), a love song in which the protagonist decides to \u201ctake my chances\u201d and \u201cbe by your side.\u201d The chorus and verse highlight parallel life choices: rapping versus selling drugs parallels going out versus breaking up.<span id='easy-footnote-51-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-51-6643' title='This sample is famous in the hip-hop community for being used in Common\u2019s \u201cThe Light\u201d (2000).'><sup>51<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n<p>Figure 9 demonstrates our entire analytical toolkit on the verse of \u201cR.O.T.C.\u201d: (from left to right) lyrics, primary rhyme manipulations, tension levels, formal roles, situational form, and formal mentalities.<span id='easy-footnote-52-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-52-6643' title='In this and Figure 10, we omit consideration of secondary rhymes to aid comprehension of large-scale fluctuations in tension.'><sup>52<\/sup><\/a><\/span> From top to bottom, our method reveals a comprehensible chorus-verse form embedded within the verse, as suggested by the succession of roles. Therefore, as seen in the \u201csituational form\u201d column, the unshaded subsections embed, in this order, a chorus C<sup>1<\/sup> (mm. 0\u20133), a verse V<sup>1<\/sup> (mm. 5\u20139), a second chorus C<sup>2<\/sup> (mm. 15\u201316), a second verse V<sup>2<\/sup> (mm. 17\u201322), and a third verse V<sup>3<\/sup> (mm. 35\u201340). This thereby suggests two complete chorus-verse cycles (mm. 0\u20139, 15\u201340). The \u201cformal roles\u201d column shows three formal overlaps (m. 4, 10, and 34, shaded gray), two excursions (mm. 11\u201314, 27\u201333), and a crisis (mm. 22\u201327). 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class=kendrick>\n<colgroup><colgroup span=4><colgroup span=2><colgroup>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt'>\n  <td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl9620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  width:48pt' colspan=4>Stages 1, 2\u2192<\/td>\n\n  <td class=xl10220948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  width:48pt' colspan=2>Stages 3, 4\u2192<\/td>\n\n  <td class=xl7620948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Stage 5 (GOAL)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n <tr height=63 style='height:47.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=63 class=xl7820948 width=64 style='height:47.0pt;width:48pt'>Lyrics<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7920948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Primary Rhyme Placement<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7920948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Primary Rhyme Periodicities<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7920948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Primary Rhyme Prevalence<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7720948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Tension Levels<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7920948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Formal Roles<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7720948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Situational Form<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7720948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Formal Mentalities<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=54 style='height:40.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td  height=114 class=xl10420948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  height:85.5pt;border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cSometimes I wanna say\u2026\u201d: disses rapping, weighs dealing\n  (0\u20133)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>BC 4 + 12, then <br> \u00bb<font\n  class=\"font720948\">0 + 4 + 8 + 12<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl10520948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>wholes to quarters<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>\u201crappin,\u201d \u201cnow:\u201d 2 x (16); \u201cmoment:\u201d<br>3 x (4); \u201cquestion:\u201d 2 x (12)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl10620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Moderate relaxation<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl10920948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Parenthetical chorus\/Intro<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl11220948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>C<font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl11320948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>1<font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>st<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font520948\"> person view,\n  rapping\/dealing dilemma<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n <tr height=94 style='height:70.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=94 class=xl8420948 width=64 style='height:70.5pt;width:48pt'>\u201cIn\n  the streets my N***** is well connected\u2026\u201d: considers question (4)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>BC 12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>whole note<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>\u201cstreets,\u201d \u201csee:\u201d 2 x (12)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8620948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Overlap<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8720948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8720948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=81 style='height:60.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=81 class=xl8820948 width=64 style='height:60.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cDo I cop a pound\u2026\u201d; describes\n  temptation of drugs (5\u20139)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6320948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>BC 12<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6320948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>whole note<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6320948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cee:\u201d 9 x (12, 16, 4)<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8920948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>High relaxation<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6320948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Rhyming block<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6420948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>V<font class=\"font620948\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6420948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>3<font class=\"font620948\"><sup>rd<\/sup><\/font><font\n  class=\"font520948\">-person view, temptations<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=54 style='height:40.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=54 class=xl8420948 width=64 style='height:40.5pt;width:48pt'>\u201cFinna\u2019\n  saddle\u2026\u201d; describes travel (10)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>BC 8 + 12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>quarter note<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>\u201csad-:\u201d 2 x (9), \u201chi:\u201d 2 x\n  (4)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8620948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>&nbsp;<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Overlap<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8720948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8720948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=81 style='height:60.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=81 class=xl8820948 width=64 style='height:60.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cOr should I\u2026\u201d; fantasy of\n  being successful rapper (11\u201314)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6320948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Various BCs: 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14: BC 8 primary by end<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6320948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mix of whole, half, dotted quarter, quarter, eighth<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6320948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Various 2 x, 3x (2, 4, 6, 8, 16)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9020948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>High tension<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6320948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Excursion<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6420948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6420948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Fantasy<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n <tr height=42 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:31.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:\n  7'>\n  <td rowspan=2 height=69 class=xl11620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  height:52.0pt;border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cMy N**** what you\u2026\u201d (15\u201316)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl6620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>BC\n  0 at beginning; BC 14 at end<\/span><\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl11720948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:\n  Symbol'>\u00bb<font class=\"font520948\">whole note<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6520948 rowspan=2 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cdoin\u2019:\u201d 2 x (8),<br>\u201cshow:\u201d 2 x (15)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9120948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Moderate relaxation to\u2026<\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl11620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Parenthetical\n  chorus<\/span><\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl7120948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>C<font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl11920948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>1<font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>st<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font520948\">, 2<\/font><font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>nd<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font520948\"> person\n  views, rapping\/dealing dilemma<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=27 style='height:20.5pt'>\n  <td class=xl9220948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>moderate tension<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n <tr height=28 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:21.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:\n  9'>\n  <td  height=96 class=xl11620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  height:72.0pt;border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>\u201ceasy money sounds tempting\u2026\u201d; 3<font class=\"font620948\"><sup>rd<\/sup><\/font><font\n  class=\"font520948\">-person focus on cars (17\u201322 BC 9)<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl6620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>BC\n  6, then BC 4 + 8 + <font class=\"font920948\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font520948\">12,\n  then 6<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl11720948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:\n  Symbol'>\u00bb<font class=\"font720948\">whole note<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>\u201ctempting:\u201d 2 x (16),<br>\u201cRovers\u2026up:\u201d 3 x (16, <font\n  class=\"font920948\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font520948\">8),<br>\u201csolution:\u201d 2 x (16)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl12120948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Moderate relaxation<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl11620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Rhyming\n  block<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl7120948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>V<font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl11920948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>3<font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>rd<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font520948\">-person view,\n  temptations<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n\n <tr height=81 style='height:60.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:10'>\n  <td height=81 class=xl8020948 rowspan=2 width=64 style='height:60.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cCurve servin\u2019 though I\u2026\u201d;\n  imagines robbing a gas station<br>(22\u201327 BC 7)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl6620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Starts\n  BC 0 and <font class=\"font920948\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font520948\">8, then 0\n  + <\/font><font class=\"font920948\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font520948\">4 + 8 + 12\n  (m. 26)<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl11720948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:\n  Symbol'>\u00bb<font class=\"font520948\">whole notes, then quarters<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl6620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201celevens:\u201d\n  2 x (4), \u201cHop:\u201d 9 x (<font class=\"font920948\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font520948\">16,\n  8, 3, 5, 4, 3, 4)<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9120948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Moderate relaxation to\u2026<\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl11620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Crisis<\/span><\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl7120948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td rowspan=2 class=xl11920948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Fantasy<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=27 style='height:20.5pt'>\n  <td class=xl9020948 width=64 style='width:48pt'>high tension<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n\n <tr height=67 style='height:50.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:12'>\n  <td height=67 class=xl8020948 width=64 style='height:50.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cWatch the plans\u2026\u201d; imagines\n  rise as drug dealer<br>(27 BC 8\u201333)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl6620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>BC\n  0 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 10 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl6620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>dotted\n  whole, whole, dotted half + eighth, dotted half, half + 16<font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>th<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font520948\">, half,\n  dotted quarter<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6520948 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cplans:\u201d 5 x (irregular),<\/span><br>various 2 x (e.g., \u201cSherm\u201d or <font class=\"font920948\">\u00bb<\/font><font\n  class=\"font520948\">8, \u201cF***\u201d or 20)<\/font><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl12220948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>High tension<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl11620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Excursion<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl7120948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl11920948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Fantasy<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n\n <tr height=60 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:45.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:\n  13'>\n  <td  height=80 class=xl12420948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  height:60.0pt;border-top:none;width:48pt'>\u201cand pick up a sack\u2026\u201d; Drops the\n  mic and picks up a gun (34)<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl12520948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>BC 8 + 12<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl12520948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>quarter note<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl12520948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>\u201ctoolie:\u201d 3 x (20, 4)<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl12720948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl12420948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Overlap<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl12720948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl12920948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n <tr height=107 style='height:80.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:14;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=107 class=xl8020948 width=64 style='height:80.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cYou\u2019ll know I always\u2026\u201d; Tells\n  listener is in hard spot, decides to not start dealing<br>(35\u201340)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl6620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>BC\n  12<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl6620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>wholes<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl6620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cwritin\u2019:\u201d\n  5 x (16)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl13120948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>High relaxation<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl11620948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Rhyming\n  Block\/Crisis<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl7120948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>V<font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl11920948 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>1<font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>st<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font520948\">, 2<\/font><font\n  class=\"font620948\"><sup>nd<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font520948\">-person\n  views, rapping\/dealing dilemma<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n<\/table>\n\n<figcaption>Figure 9. Formal Overview of \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2010), mm. 0\u201340 (0:19\u20131:57).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-figure-9.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Figure 9<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>In addition to showing a comprehensible chorus-verse form, Figure 9 shows an overall tension contour bounded by relaxation and working toward two peaks of high tension in the middle, thereby creating variety and interest. We may distinguish a spectrum for four degrees of tension\/relaxation based on measurement inclusion: 1) high tension results from tension in all three rhyme manipulations, 2) moderate tension is from tension in two out of three, 3) moderate relaxation is from tension in one out of three, and 4) high relaxation is from relaxation in all three. In Figure 9, the tension column matches these four states to a color gradient, with orange showing high tension, yellow moderate tension, green moderate relaxation, and blue high relaxation. Given this color scheme, in this verse we have eight subsections analyzed as: 1) moderate relaxation for the rapping\/selling dilemma; 2) high relaxation for different drugs (5\u20139); 3) high tension for his fantasies of being a successful rapper; 4) moderate relaxation to moderate tension for a return to the rapping\/selling question; 5) moderate relaxation for his envy of successful dealers; 6) moderate relaxation to high tension for his fantasy of robbing a store at gunpoint; 7) high tension for his fantasy of becoming a successful dealer; and 8) high relaxation for his decision to sell, then step away to continue rapping.<\/p>\n<p>Example 12 shows an instance of a parenthetical chorus\/intro blend and rhyming block. It also shows a formal overlap, weak subsection differentiation, and the centrality of lyrics within formal roles. The m. 4 formal overlap (\u201cin the streets. . . \u201d) results from the combination of a primary rhyme on BC 12, which matches the primary rhyme in mm. 5\u20139, with introductory lyrics that set up the question: which drugs should he sell? Weak section differentiation arises from the presence of rhymes on BC 12 in the parenthetical chorus\/intro blend (mm. 0\u20133), the overlap (m. 4), and the rhyming block (mm. 5\u20139).<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style 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class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=22 style='height:16.5pt'>\n  <td height=22 class=xl631734 width=64 style='height:16.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl651734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl651734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl651734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl641734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl651734  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl661734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl671734  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>0<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Some<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl741734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>times<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>wa-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>na<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl671734  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>1<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>say<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl751734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl691734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>rap<font class=\"font51734\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl701734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pin<\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl741734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>need<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mon-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ey<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl711734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>now<\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Like<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + 4 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl671734  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>2<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>should<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl751734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>start<\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl691734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>trap<font class=\"font51734\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl701734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>If<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>what<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>write<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl711734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>down<\/td>\n  <td class=xl731734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>don\u2019t<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl771734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>col-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(2) + 4 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl671734  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>3<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl781734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>lect<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>this<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ver-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl791734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>y<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl801734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>mo<font class=\"\"font51734\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ment<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>then<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl791734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I\u2019m<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl801734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>on<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>it<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>no<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl791734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl811734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>ques<font class=\"\"font51734\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl821734 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dashlight dashleft\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl791734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl831734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-char-type:\n  symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'>\u00bb<font class=\"font61734\">0 + 4 + 8 + 12<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl671734  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>4<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl841734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>streets<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl791734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl781734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nig<font class=\"\"font61734\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>gas<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>is<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl791734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>well<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl851734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>con-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl811734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>nect<font class=\"\"font51734\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl761734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ted<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl861734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>let\u2019s<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl871734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>see<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl881734 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl731734 dashlightleft\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Do<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl681734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + (9) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl671734  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>5<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl891734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>cop<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl901734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl901734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>pound<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl721734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>of<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl891734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>kush<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl901734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Pro-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl901734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>meth-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl721734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl891734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>zine<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl901734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>or<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl901734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>push<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl911734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>some<\/td>\n  <td class=xl921734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>E?<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl901734 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl931734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Ox-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl941734 width=64 style='width:48pt'>y-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl721734  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 12. Formal juncture in \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2010), mm. 0\u20135 (0:17\u20130:32).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-12.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 12<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>The second blend of rhyming block\/crisis (Example 13, below the second dashed line) demonstrates two trends: first, Lamar\u2019s verses tend to end with rhyming block and crisis roles, with both suggested here; and second, lyrics tend to be the most salient parameter in invoking formal roles, since here only the lyrics suggest the crisis role. The context of this blend is a subtle move from an excursion (mm. 27\u201333) to a brief subsection overlap (inside the dashed lines in m. 34), which has the rhyme placement of BC 8 from the excursion and BC 12 of the coming blend. In the blend itself (mm. 35\u201340), the primary rhyming block aspect results from focal rhyme placement on BC 12, a periodicity of a whole note, and a high rhyme prevalence of 5 x (16). Due to the rhyme manipulations, we hear a powerful whole-note pulse on the beat 4s of the blend, thereby signaling the verse\u2019s end. Against the relaxation in the rhymes, the secondary aspect (crisis) is suggested by the lyrics: \u201cso please don\u2019t be mad at me\/ I gotta do what I gotta do no shit\/so I tell my n**** front me let me put it on the strip.\u201d But after seemingly making the decision to sell, he steps back: \u201cthey give it back when I think about the consequence. . . shit.\u201d His close call with selling drugs implies the violence of the crisis role. However, the relaxation in rhymes suggests catharsis of his frustrations: he accepts missing out on money and power and instead persists as a struggling rapper.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style 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class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=22 style='height:16.5pt'>\n  <td height=22 class=xl639470 width=64 style='height:16.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl659470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl659470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl659470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl649470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl659470  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl669470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>30<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl719470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl759470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl799470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Sherm<\/td>\n  <td class=xl809470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl759470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl739470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>con-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl739470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tra-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl819470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>band<\/td>\n  <td class=xl759470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl829470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>They<\/td>\n  <td class=xl799470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>yearn<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>for<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>4 + 10 + 13<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>31<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>butt<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nak-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ed<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl839470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Fuck<\/td>\n  <td class=xl849470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>a<\/td>\n  <td class=xl859470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>verse<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl839470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>vers-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl849470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>es<\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>get<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>let<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>off<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>6 + 10<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>32<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>thir-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ty<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>min-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>utes<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>six<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl759470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>sec-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>onds<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl859470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>I<\/td>\n  <td class=xl849470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dis-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl839470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>perse<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl869470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl879470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>33<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl889470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>world<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl869470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>of<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl899470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>un-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl909470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl919470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>ru-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl899470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>ly<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl889470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl929470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl869470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>where<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl869470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl889470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>put<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl879470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl869470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mic<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl889470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>down<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl939470 dash\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl879470 dashleft dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>and<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>4<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>34<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl889470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>pick<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl889470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl869470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>up<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl879470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl889470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>sack<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl889470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl899470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>and<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl949470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>a<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl919470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>tool-<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl899470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>ie<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl899470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>if<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl949470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>you<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl919470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>knew<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl899470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'>me<\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl939470 dashlight\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=\"xl699470 dashlightleft\" width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>You\u2019ll<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>8 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>35<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>know<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>al-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ways<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>had<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>pass-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ion<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>for<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl959470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>rid-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl969470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dle<\/td>\n  <td class=xl979470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>when<\/td>\n  <td class=xl959470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>writ-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl969470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>but<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(9) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:7'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>36<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>late-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ly<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I\u2019ve<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>been<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>think-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in\u2019<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bout<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl759470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>tak-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in\u2019<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl959470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>chanc-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl969470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>es<\/td>\n  <td class=xl979470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>to<\/td>\n  <td class=xl959470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bright-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl969470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>en<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(9) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:8'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>37<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>fut-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ure<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>fi-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl989470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>nanc-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl749470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ia-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl749470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ly<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>so<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>please<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>don\u2019t<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>be<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl989470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>mad<\/td>\n  <td class=xl749470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>at<\/td>\n  <td class=xl749470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>me<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl999470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-char-type:\n  symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'>\u00bb<font class=\"font59470\">4 + <\/font><font\n  class=\"font69470\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font59470\">12<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:9'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>38<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl1009470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>got-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl1019470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ta<\/td>\n  <td class=xl1009470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>do<\/td>\n  <td class=xl759470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>what<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl1029470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>got-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl1039470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ta<\/td>\n  <td class=xl1029470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>do<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl719470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>no<\/td>\n  <td class=xl1049470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl729470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>shit<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>so<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(0) + (6) + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:10'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>39<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>tell<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>nig-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ga<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>front<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>me<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>let<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>me<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>put<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl689470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>it<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl719470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>on<\/td>\n  <td class=xl1059470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl729470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>strip<\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl709470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>they<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl699470  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:11;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl679470  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>40<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl779470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>give<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl789470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>it<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl789470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>back<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl1069470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl779470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>when<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl789470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I think<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl789470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl769470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bout<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl789470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl1079470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>con-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl1089470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl1099470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>se-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl1079470 width=64 style='width:48pt'>quence<\/td>\n  <td class=xl779470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl779470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl1069470 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl769470  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 13. Rhyming block\/crisis blend in \u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d (2010), mm. 30\u201340 (1:30\u20131:57).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-13.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 13<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Returning to Figure 9, \u201cR.O.T.C.\u201d has complex formal mentalities: three situational roles\u2014parenthetical chorus, rhyming block, and excursion\u2014have distinctive points of view or literary topics. Parenthetical choruses tend to take first- and second-person points of view: they explore the song\u2019s central rapping\/selling dilemma. Rhyming blocks focus on third-person topics such as drugs, cars, and wealth\u2014all temptations to Lamar. And lastly, the excursion role correlates with Lamar\u2019s fantasies, whether of being a successful rapper (\u201cexpand to the Hoover dam\u201d) or drug dealer (\u201chope one day it flourish to a kilo\u201d). The one exception is the rhyming block\/crisis blend in which Lamar confronts the rapping\/selling dilemma (mm. 35\u201340); it instead adopts first- and second-person points of view as the protagonist decides to keep rapping instead of selling drugs.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2 \u201cKing Kunta\u201d: Accessible, Chorus-Based Section Blends<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>Unlike the sparing use of formal blends in \u201cR.O.T.C.,\u201d \u201cKing Kunta\u201d saturates chorus-based blends to create an accessible hit song. Co-written with Thundercat and Redfoo, and produced by Terrace Martin, Michael Kuhle, and Sounwave, \u201cKing Kunta\u201d has an interesting background suggesting that it was intended as a hit: recorded March 24, 2015, it was the third of five songs from <em>To Pimp a Butterfly<\/em> that were released as singles. Lamar\u2019s 2015 concert tour promoting the album was entitled \u201cKunta Groove Sessions Tour,\u201d suggesting that the song\u2019s title refers to Lamar. Unsurprisingly, \u201cKing Kunta\u201d has ranked well in Lamar\u2019s discography: it peaked at No. 11 on the U.S. Hot Rap Songs chart. Compared with Lamar\u2019s most successful song ever, \u201cHumble\u201d (2017), which has 830 million YouTube views as of February 2022, \u201cKing Kunta\u201d is just shy of 150 million, a respectable total given its earlier release (compared to \u201cHumble\u201d) and Lamar\u2019s increasing fame thereafter.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKing Kunta\u201d examines the idea that Lamar is suspended within a power dynamic between the recording industry and his authentic Compton upbringing, so that he ambiguously takes (metaphorical) roles of both king and slave (Bungert 2019, [4.6]). In an interview (Lamar 2015), Lamar noted that the song originated as a play of words between King Kunta and Kunta Kinte, the fictional 18<sup>th<\/sup>-century slave (and protagonist of Alex Haley\u2019s historical novel <em>Roots<\/em>). Bungert (2019, [5.2]) views Lamar\u2019s situation within power dynamics as analogous to the formal \u201cdouble consciousness\u201d of the song, which he portrays as simultaneous verse-chorus and chorus-verse formal cycles (our Figure 6). &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>We argue instead that formal ambiguity in \u201cKing Kunta\u201d arises through chorus-based section-level blends, formal overlaps, and weak section differentiation. Figure 10 provides our overview of its form that focuses on its rapped content, omitting its lengthy outro. Overall, \u201cKing Kunta\u201d has an underlying situational form of Intro\u2013C<sup>1<\/sup>\u2013V<sup>1<\/sup>\u2013C<sup>2<\/sup>\u2013V<sup>2<\/sup>\u2013C<sup>3<\/sup>\u2013V<sup>3<\/sup>\/Bridge\u2013C<sup>4<\/sup> (seventh column). Compared with \u201cR.O.T.C.,\u201d \u201cKing Kunta\u201d has a low level of tension: rhymes move from BC 12 to BC 8 and back, and the greatest levels of tension result from low rhyme prevalence. The chorus role saturates the song since all sections (except one) have at least some chorus aspect. That is, after an intro\/chorus in mm. 1\u20138, two chorus\/verse blends alternate with verse\/chorus blends leading to a third chorus\/verse, a verse\/excursion (mm. 56\u201370), and a final chorus\/verse. Due to the overall lack of tension and the chorus role\u2019s saturation, additional formal contrast is provided by tonal centers (column 8): situational choruses (mm. 9\u201316, 33\u201340, 49\u201355, 73\u201380) are in E minor, whereas part of situational verse 1 and all of 2 (mm. 25\u201330, 41\u201348) are in F minor.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKing Kunta\u2019s\u201d techniques of formal ambiguity aim for greater accessibility and memorability. First, the chorus role appears in all but one section, suggesting greater accessibility but also weak section differentiation. Second, as shown in the gray-shaded rows of Figure 10, at three locations the juncture between a situational verse and its following chorus is overlapped, thereby announcing that chorus as an arrival. And lastly, weak section differentiation can be seen in the rhyme prevalence column, which keeps high, consistent values throughout the song with two exceptions: the intro\/chorus in mm. 1\u20138, which has four differing periodicities, and the verse\/excursion in mm. 56\u201370, which mostly has values of 2 x (16).<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book6_5195_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.font55195\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n}\n.font65195\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font75195\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font85195\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font95195\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font105195\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font115195\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.xl155195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl635195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl645195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl655195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl665195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl675195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl685195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl695195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl705195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl715195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl725195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl735195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl745195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl755195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl765195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl775195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl785195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl795195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl805195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl815195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl825195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl835195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl845195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl855195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl865195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl875195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl885195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl895195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl905195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl915195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl925195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl935195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl945195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl955195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#9CC2E5;\n}\n.xl965195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#9CC2E5;\n}\n.xl975195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl985195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl995195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl1005195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl1015195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl1025195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl1035195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl1045195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl1055195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1065195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1075195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1085195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1095195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1105195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1115195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1125195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1135195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1145195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1155195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl1165195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl1175195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#9CC2E5;\n}\n.xl1185195\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tms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class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=3 \/><colgroup \/>\n  <tr height=32 style='height:24.0pt'>\n  <td height=32 class=xl635195 width=64 style='height:24.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl645195 width=64 style='width:48pt' colspan=4><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Stages 1, 2\u2192<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl645195 width=64 style='width:48pt' colspan=3><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Stages 3, 4\u2192<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl655195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Stage 5 (GOAL)<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=63 style='height:47.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=63 class=xl665195 width=64 style='height:47.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Lyrics<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl635195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Primary Rhyme Placement<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl635195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Primary Rhyme Periodicities<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl635195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Primary Rhyme Prevalence<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl675195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Tension Levels<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl635195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Formal Roles and Blends<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl685195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Situational Form<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl695195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Tonal Centers<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl675195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Formal Mentalities<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n <tr height=39 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:29.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:\n  2'>\n  <td height=39 class=xl705195 width=64 style='height:29.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cI got a bone\u2026\u201d<br>(1\u20138)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl835195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>BC 8<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl835195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>greater than whole<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl835195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>\u201cpick:\u201d 5 x (28, 8, 40, 32)<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl855195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Moderate tension<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl875195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Intro\/Chorus<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl885195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Intro<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl905195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Em<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl925195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Disses\n  other rappers, 1<font class=\"font85195\"><sup>st<\/sup><\/font><font\n  class=\"font65195\">-, 2<\/font><font class=\"font85195\"><sup>nd<\/sup><\/font><font\n  class=\"font65195\">-person views<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n <tr height=53 style='height:40.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=53 class=xl705195 width=64 style='height:40.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cBitch, where you when I was\u2026\u201d<br>(9\u201316)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl725195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mm. 9\u201315: BC 12<br>m. 16: BC 4<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>whole<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cwalking:\u201d\n  12 x (mostly 16, some 6, 10); \u201cBitch:\u201d 5 x (24, 12)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl955195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>High relaxation<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl975195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Chorus\/Verse<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>C<font\n  class=\"font85195\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl985195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Em<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl995195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Boast\n  as king, 1<font class=\"font85195\"><sup>st<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font65195\">-,\n  2<\/font><font class=\"font85195\"><sup>nd<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font65195\">-,\n  and 3<\/font><font class=\"font85195\"><sup>rd<\/sup><\/font><font\n  class=\"font65195\">-person views<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n\n <tr height=40 style='height:30.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=40 class=xl705195 width=64 style='height:30.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cThe yam is the power\u2026\u201d<br>(16\u201330)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>BC\n  7 (<font class=\"font95195\">\u00bb<\/font><font class=\"font65195\">8) + 8<span\n  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  <\/span><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>whole<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl725195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mm. 16\u201330: \u201cbe:\u201d 7 x (mostly 4)<br>\u201crappin\u2019:\u201d 4 x (24, 6, 10)<br>\u201ctell:\u201d 7 x (4, various)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1015195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Moderate relaxation<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl975195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Verse\/Chorus<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>V<font\n  class=\"font85195\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl985195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Em<font\n  class=\"font105195\">\u2192<\/font><font class=\"font65195\">Fm<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl995195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Disses\n  other rappers, 3<font class=\"font85195\"><sup>rd<\/sup><\/font><font\n  class=\"font65195\">-person focus<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n <tr height=39 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:29.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:\n  5'>\n  <td height=39 class=xl765195 width=64 style='height:29.5pt;width:48pt'>\u201cand\n  if I gotta\u2026\u201d<br>(31\u201332)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl785195 width=64 style='width:48pt'>m. 31: BC 8 + 12<br>m. 32: BC 4 + 8 + 12<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1055195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>quarter<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1055195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>mm. 31\u201332: \u201cbrown:\u201d 3 x (2, 4) and \u201cbum:\u201d 3 x (4)<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1075195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1095195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Overlap<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1105195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1125195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Fm<font class=\"font115195\">\u2192<\/font><font\n  class=\"font75195\">Em<\/font><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1145195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n\n <tr height=40 style='height:30.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=40 class=xl705195 width=64 style='height:30.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cBitch, where you\u2026\u201d<br>(33\u201340)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Same\n  as mm. 9\u201316<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>whole<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>see\n  9\u201316<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl955195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>High relaxation<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl975195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Chorus\/Verse<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>C<font\n  class=\"font85195\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl985195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Em<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl995195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>See\n  mm. 9\u201316<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n <tr height=67 style='height:50.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:7'>\n  <td height=67 class=xl705195 width=64 style='height:50.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cThe yam brought it out of\n  Richard Pryor\u2026\u201d<br>(41\u201345)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>BC\n  8<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>whole<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cPryor:\u201d\n  6 x (mostly 4)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1015195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Moderate relaxation<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl975195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Verse\/Chorus<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>V<font\n  class=\"font85195\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl985195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Fm<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl995195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Critique\n  of corrupt figures, 3<font class=\"font85195\"><sup>rd<\/sup><\/font><font\n  class=\"font65195\">-person view<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n <tr height=27 style='height:20.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:8'>\n  <td height=27 class=xl765195 width=64 style='height:20.0pt;width:48pt'>\u201cTwenty-\n  four\u2026\u201d<br>(46\u201348)<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1055195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>BC 12<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1055195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>whole<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1055195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>\u201cdays:\u201d 3 x (16)<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1075195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1095195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Overlap<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1105195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1125195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Fm<font class=\"font115195\">\u2192<\/font><font\n  class=\"font75195\">Em<\/font><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1145195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n <tr height=40 style='height:30.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:9'>\n  <td height=40 class=xl705195 width=64 style='height:30.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cBitch, where you\u2026\u201d<br>(49\u201355)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>BC\n  12<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>whole<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>see\n  9\u201316<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl955195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>High relaxation<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl975195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Chorus\/Verse<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>C<font\n  class=\"font85195\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl985195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Em<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl995195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>See\n  mm. 9\u201316<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n <tr height=52 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:39.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:\n  10'>\n  <td height=52 class=xl705195 width=64 style='height:39.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cI was gonna kill\u2026\u201d<br>(56\u201370)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl725195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mm. 56\u201364: BC 4 + 12<br>mm. 65\u201370: BC 12<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>whole<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>mostly\n  2 x (16), sometimes (8)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1015195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Moderate relaxation<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl975195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Verse\/Excursion<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>V<font\n  class=\"font85195\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/font><font class=\"font65195\">\/B<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl745195 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>unpitched<br>Em<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl995195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Boasts\n  about triumph as rapper, 1<font class=\"font85195\"><sup>st<\/sup><\/font><font\n  class=\"font65195\">&#8211; and 3<\/font><font class=\"font85195\"><sup>rd<\/sup><\/font><font\n  class=\"font65195\">-person views<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n <tr height=27 style='height:20.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:11'>\n  <td height=27 class=xl765195 width=64 style='height:20.0pt;width:48pt'>\u201cStraight\n  from\u2026\u201d<br>(71\u201372)<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1055195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>BC 4 + 8 + 12<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1055195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>quarter<\/td>\n  <td class=xl785195 width=64 style='width:48pt'>\u201cbottom:\u201d 3 x (4 )<br>\u201cprince:\u201d 6 x (16)<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1075195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1095195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Overlap<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1105195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1125195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>Em<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl1145195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n\n\n <tr height=40 style='height:30.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:12;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=40 class=xl705195 width=64 style='height:30.0pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>\u201cBitch, where you\u2026\u201d<br>(73\u201380)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>BC\n  12<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>whole<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>see\n  9\u201316<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl955195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'>High relaxation<\/td>\n  <td  class=xl975195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Chorus\/Verse<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl945195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>C<font\n  class=\"font85195\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl985195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Em<\/span><\/td>\n  <td  class=xl995195 width=64 style='border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-top:none;width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>See\n  mm. 9\u201316<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n<figcaption>Figure 10. Formal Overview of \u201cKing Kunta\u201d (2015), mm. 1\u201380 (0:02\u20133:05).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-figure-10.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Figure 10<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Unlike Bungert\u2019s view that \u201cKing Kunta\u2019s\u201d formal double consciousness is created by offset formal cycles, we view it as resulting from a persistent blend of chorus and verse in which one aspect predominates in one section, versus the other in the next section. Since choruses correlate with Lamar\u2019s boasts (\u201cking-like,\u201d first-person view), and verses with his disses of other rappers (ghostwriters, third-person view), we find that the double consciousness in this song is not within Lamar himself, but within the community of rappers from Lamar\u2019s perspective (Figure 10, column 9). For instance, the situational C<sup>1<\/sup> glorifying Lamar (mm. 9\u201316) is a boast while the situational V<sup>1<\/sup> (mm. 16\u201330) disses other rappers. Therefore, although Bungert\u2019s aspects of \u201cking\u201d and \u201cslave\u201d certainly operate as layers of meaning, these are not amplified by the song\u2019s form.<\/p>\n<p>We next examine formal ambiguity and accessibility more closely. The opening role of intro\/chorus (mm. 1\u20138), as shown in Example 14, sets in motion a series of chorus-based formal blends. Its role results from situational aspects of an intro plus internal aspects of intro and chorus. The intro situation is suggested by the excerpt\u2019s temporal position beginning the song and by the lack of lyrical repetition thereafter. Internal intro aspects include sparse syllables and rhymes\u2014\u201cpick\u2019\u201d is 5 x (28, 8, 40, 32)\u2014as well as lyrics that set up the \u201cquestion\u201d of the song: why were his friends absent when he was poor and unsuccessful? The chorus aspects include primary rhyme placement on BC 8, the first- and second-person perspectives, and lyrics that critique rappers who lack authenticity.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book5_18372_Styles\"><!--table\n{\n}\n.font518372\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.xl1518372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6318372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6418372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6518372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6618372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6718372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6818372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl6918372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl7018372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl7118372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7218372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#B4C6E7;\n}\n.xl7318372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#B4C6E7;\n}\n.xl7418372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#B4C6E7;\n}\n.xl7518372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl7618372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7718372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#B4C6E7;\n}\n.xl7818372\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#B4C6E7;\n}\n--><\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl6618372 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6918372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6918372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6918372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6818372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6918372  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7018372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl7118372  width=64 style='height:15.5pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>1<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>got<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6518372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bone<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7218372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pick<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&#8776; 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7118372  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>2<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>don\u2019t<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>want<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7118372  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>3<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6518372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mon-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>key<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mouth<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6518372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>mot-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>her-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>fuck-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ers<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>sit-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tin<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6518372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>throne<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7218372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>gin<font class=\"font518372\">\u2019<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7118372  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>4<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&#8776; 0<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7118372  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>5<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I\u2019m<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7518372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>mad<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(he<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7518372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>mad)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7118372  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>6<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6518372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>but<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ain\u2019t<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>stress-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:7'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7118372  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>7<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>true<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6518372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>friends<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6318372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6418372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:8;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7618372  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6618372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6618372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6618372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6718372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6618372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6618372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6618372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>one<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6718372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7718372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ques-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6618372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7818372 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tion<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6718372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6618372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6618372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6618372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6718372 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6718372  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 14. Intro\/chorus in \u201cKing Kunta\u201d (2015), mm. 1\u20138 (0:02\u20130:20).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-14.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 14<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>By mm. 9\u201316, the feel of a regular pulse suggests that the song is truly underway, thereby drawing the listener\u2019s attention and increasing this section\u2019s memorability (Example 15).<span id='easy-footnote-53-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-53-6643' title='Bungert (2019, [2.3]) also notes that \u201cthe song only seems to get going with the onset of the first chorus.\u201d'><sup>53<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The chorus aspect is situational since the lyrics, key of E minor, and other identifiers return later three times, making four chorus sections in total; this section also includes lyrical repetition (mm. 9\u201311 and 13\u201315), the song\u2019s hook (\u201cKing Kunta\u201d), and background vocals (\u201cWhat\u2019s the yams?\u201d). The verse aspect is strongly present internally: rhyme placement is on BCs 4 and 12, the latter of which is primary until m. 16; Lamar\u2019s sentences are long (measure-length); and his delivery is rapped. Point of view suggests both roles: this section combines first- and second-person perspectives from a chorus (\u201cI run the game,\u201d \u201cB**** where you\u201d) with a third-person one from a verse (\u201cKing Kunta, everybody wanna cut the legs off him\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book5_4141_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.xl154141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl634141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl644141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl654141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl664141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl674141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:yellow;\n}\n.xl684141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl694141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl704141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl714141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl724141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#B4C6E7;\n}\n.xl734141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl744141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl754141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl764141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl774141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl784141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#F4B083;\n}\n.xl794141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#ED92EA;\n}\n.xl804141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#ED92EA;\n}\n.xl814141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl824141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl834141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#ED92EA;\n}\n.xl844141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#F48086;\n}\n.xl854141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#F48086;\n}\n.xl864141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#B4C6E7;\n}\n.xl874141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#F48086;\n}\n.xl884141\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#F48086;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl634141 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl754141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl754141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl754141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl744141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl754141  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl764141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl774141  width=64 style='height:15.5pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>9<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl784141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Bitch,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>where<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl664141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>when<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>was<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl794141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>walk-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ing<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl774141  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>10<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl664141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Now<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>run<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl674141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>game<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>got<\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl664141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>whole<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>world<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl794141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>tal-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>kin\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>King<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl774141  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>11<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl734141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Kun-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl814141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ta,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Ev-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ry-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl784141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bo-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>dy<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>wan-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>na<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl664141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>cut<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>legs<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl794141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>off<\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>him.<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>0 + 4 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl774141  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl734141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Kun-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl814141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ta,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl784141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Black<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>man<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl664141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>tak-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ing<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>no<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl794141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>loss-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>es.<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(oh<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl684141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>yeah)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>0 + 4 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl774141  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>13<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl784141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Bitch<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>where<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl664141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>when<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>was<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl794141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>walk-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl774141  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>14<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl664141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Now<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> <\/span><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>run<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl674141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>game,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>got<\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl664141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>whole<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>world<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl794141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>talk-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>in\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>King<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:7'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl774141  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>15<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl734141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Kun-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl814141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ta,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ev-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ry-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl784141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>-bo-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>dy<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>wan-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>na<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl724141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>cut<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>legs<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl794141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>off<\/td>\n  <td class=xl804141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>him<\/td>\n  <td class=xl644141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl654141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>0 + 4 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:8;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl824141  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>16<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl704141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>When<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl714141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>you<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl834141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>got<\/td>\n  <td class=xl844141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl854141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>yams<\/td>\n  <td class=xl714141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl714141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl694141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl864141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>(what\u2019s<\/td>\n  <td class=xl714141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl874141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>the<\/td>\n  <td class=xl884141 width=64 style='width:48pt'>yams?)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl714141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl714141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl714141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl694141 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl694141  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>4<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 15. Chorus\/verse in \u201cKing Kunta\u201d (2015), mm. 9\u201316 (0:20\u20130:38).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-15.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 15<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Example 16 shows a verse\/chorus blend that demonstrates the song\u2019s continued saturation of the chorus role. Chorus qualities result from rhymes on or very near BC 0 or 8 and from ample echoes of words in background vocals (e.g., \u201cthat be\u201d). The situational context is a verse since the lyrics do not repeat elsewhere in the song. Internally, the perception of verse quality results from a clear, third-person focus on the symbol of the yam (mm. 17\u201321),<span id='easy-footnote-54-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-54-6643' title='This symbol refers to the yams that the protagonist in Ralph Ellison\u2019s Invisible Man smells when walking down the street. Positively, it refers to authenticity, home, prestige, and success (\u201cWhen you got the yams\u2014\u201c); negatively, it is tied to the temptations of power (\u201cThe yam brought it out of Richard Pryor. . .\u201d). '><sup>54<\/sup><\/a><\/span> followed by a critique of inauthentic rappers who use ghostwriters (mm. 23\u201324). In addition, following this excerpt (0:58, not shown), the tonality shifts to F minor, thereby creating a tonal contrast with the E-minor choruses.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book5_11224_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.font511224\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.xl1511224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6311224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6411224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6511224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6611224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6711224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl6811224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl6911224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#00B0F0;\n}\n.xl7011224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7111224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7211224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7311224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl7411224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl7511224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl7611224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7711224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7811224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#00B0F0;\n}\n.xl7911224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:yellow;\n}\n.xl8011224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:yellow;\n}\n.xl8111224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D678C4;\n}\n.xl8211224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#D678C4;\n}\n.xl8311224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl8411224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n.xl8511224\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#92D050;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl6311224 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7411224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7411224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7411224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7311224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7411224  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl7611224  width=64 style='height:15.5pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>17<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7811224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>The<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7611224  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>18<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6911224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>yam<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>is<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6611224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>po-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>wer<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7911224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>that<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>be<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7911224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>(that<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>be<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7911224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>that<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7611224  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>19<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>be<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7911224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>that<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>be<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7911224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>that<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>be<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7911224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>that<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8011224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>be)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>You<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>can<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7611224  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>20<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6611224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>smell<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>it<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>when<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I\u2019m<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6611224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>walk-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in\u2019<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>down<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6611224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>street<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>(oh<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>yes<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>we<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8211224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>can)<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7611224  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>21<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>(oh<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>yes<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>we<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8211224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>can<font class=\"font511224\">)<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>can<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>dig<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&#8776;8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7611224  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>22<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6711224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>rap<font class=\"font511224\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pin\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>0<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:7'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7611224  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>23<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>But<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6711224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>rap<font class=\"font511224\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6811224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>per\u2019<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>with<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6611224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ghost-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6711224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>writ<font class=\"font511224\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8311224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>er<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6511224  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:8;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7711224  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>24<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7011224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>what<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>fuck<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8411224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>hap<font class=\"font511224\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8511224 width=64 style='width:48pt'>pened?<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7111224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>(Oh<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211224 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7211224  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>8<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 16. Verse\/chorus in \u201cKing Kunta\u201d (2015), mm. 17\u201324 (0:38\u20130:56).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-16.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 16<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>As shown in Example 17, the situational verse 3 functions both as a verse\/excursion blend and as a pop-rock bridge. Verse aspects include the situational context of a verse, rhyme placement on BCs 4 and 12, and measure-long sentences in the lyrics. Excursion aspects include low rhyme prevalence, with rhymes relatively short (couplet-long) and sparse, and quick jumps in thought (\u201cthey did it to themselves\u201d transitions quickly to \u201cI\u2019ll probably go to jail\u201d in mm. 57\u201359). A pop-rock bridge role is suggested by a new, contrasting texture, increased syllable density, and the section\u2019s location just over halfway through the song.<span id='easy-footnote-55-6643' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/#easy-footnote-bottom-55-6643' title='The textural contrast results from the dropping out of the bass, and from a phasing (or filtering) of the vocals&amp;nbsp;that continually pans from left to right, taking about four measures to return to the starting point hard left and giving them a sense of width.'><sup>55<\/sup><\/a><\/span> This section\u2019s pop-rock aspects provide yet more evidence for the song\u2019s commercial leanings.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n\n\n<style id=\"Book5_16655_Styles\">\n{\n}\n.font516655\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.font616655\n\t{color:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n}\n.xl1516655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6316655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6416655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6516655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6616655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6716655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6816655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl6916655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#A8D08D;\n}\n.xl7016655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl7116655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl7216655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7316655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7416655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl7516655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl7616655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#D9D9D9;\n}\n.xl7716655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl7816655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#8EAADB;\n}\n.xl7916655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#8EAADB;\n}\n.xl8016655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#8EAADB;\n}\n.xl8116655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#E483DB;\n}\n.xl8216655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#E483DB;\n}\n.xl8316655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#EDE94C;\n}\n.xl8416655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#EDE94C;\n}\n.xl8516655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#E483DB;\n}\n.xl8616655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#E483DB;\n}\n.xl8716655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#E7634C;\n}\n.xl8816655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:700;\n\tbackground:#EDE94C;\n}\n.xl8916655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#EDE94C;\n}\n.xl9016655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tbackground:#EDE94C;\n}\n.xl9116655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n.xl9216655\n{\n\tcolor:black;\n\tfont-weight:400;\n\tmso-background-source:auto;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<table class=kendrick><colgroup \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup span=4 \/><colgroup \/>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl6316655 width=64 style='height:15.5pt;width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7016655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>0<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7016655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>1<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7016655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>2<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7116655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>3<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7016655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>4<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7016655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>5<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7016655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>6<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7116655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>7<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7016655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>8<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7016655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>9<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7016655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>10<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7416655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>11<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7516655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>12<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7516655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>13<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7516655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>14<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7416655  width=64 style='width:48pt'>15<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>Metrical State<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=21 style='height:15.5pt;mso-yfti-irow:1'>\n  <td height=21 class=xl7716655  width=64 style='height:15.5pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>56<\/span><\/td>\n  <td colspan=12 class=xl9216655 width=768 style='border-right:1.5pt solid black;\n  border-left:none;width:576pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>Goat-mouthed\n  mammyfucker)<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>was<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>gon-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>na<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:2'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7216655  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>57<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>kill<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>cou-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ple<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>rap-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>pers<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>but<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>they<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>did<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>it<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>them-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6916655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>selves<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Ev-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ry-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:3'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7216655  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>58<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bo<font class=\"font516655\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>dy\u2019s<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>su-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>i-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ci-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>dal<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>they<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ain\u2019t<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>e-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ven<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>need<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>my<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6916655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>help.<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>This<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:4'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7216655  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>59<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>shit<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>is<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>e-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7816655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>le-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7916655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>men-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8016655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ta-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8016655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ry,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I\u2019ll<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>pro-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bly<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>go<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>jail<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>if<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>4<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:5'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7216655  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>60<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>shoot<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>at<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>your<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7816655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>i-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7916655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>den-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8016655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ti-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8016655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ty<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>and<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>bounce<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>the<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>left.<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>Stuck<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>a<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>4<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:6'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7216655  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>61<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>flag<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>in<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl7816655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>my<\/td>\n  <td class=xl7916655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ci-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8016655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ty<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ev-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ry-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8116655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>bo-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8216655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>dy<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>scream-<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>ing<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8316655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>\u201cComp<font class=\"font616655\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ton\u201d<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6416655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>should<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>4 + 8 + 12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr height=20 style='height:15.0pt;mso-yfti-irow:7;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>\n  <td height=20 class=xl7316655  width=64 style='height:15.0pt;\n  width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>62<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8516655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>prob-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8616655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ly<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6816655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>run<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6716655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>for<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8716655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>may-<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6816655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>or<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6816655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>when<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6716655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I\u2019m<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8816655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>done<\/td>\n  <td class=xl8916655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6816655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>to<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6716655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>be<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl8816655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>ho<font class=\"font616655\">&#8211;<\/font><\/td>\n  <td class=xl9016655 width=64 style='width:48pt'>nest,<\/td>\n  <td class=xl6816655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>And<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6716655 width=64 style='width:48pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:\n  \"Times New Roman\"'>I<\/span><\/td>\n  <td class=xl6716655  width=64 style='width:48pt'><span\n  style='mso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>12<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figcaption>Example 17. Beginning of verse 3 in \u201cKing Kunta\u201d (2015), mm. 56\u201362 (2:06\u20132:21).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/wadsworth-and-needle-vol35-audio-example-17.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption>Audio Example 17<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>We have thus seen how \u201cKing Kunta\u201d creates formal ambiguity through chorus-based section blends, overlapped arrivals into choruses, and weak section differentiation. These techniques help achieve the song\u2019s aims of becoming an accessible, memorable hit single, while also suggesting a formal duality of perspectives between Lamar\u2019s boasts as the \u201cking of rappers\u201d and his disses of competing rappers as inauthentic. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>On the surface, the two songs\u2014\u201cR.O.T.C. (Interlude)\u201d and \u201cKing Kunta\u201d\u2014seem contrasting: \u201cR.O.T.C.\u201d subtly stretches the verse creating greater musical variety, whereas \u201cKing Kunta\u201d contains a more homogeneous saturation with the chorus role. However, underlying these songs is a common set of techniques: rhyme manipulation, metrical tension and relaxation, normative formal roles, formally ambiguous techniques such as blends, and correlations between roles and lyrics.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Outro: Lamar\u2019s Flow Style &nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p>In conclusion, we return to the question of Lamar\u2019s flow style. We have suggested that three techniques underlie his consummate artistry: first, his manipulation of rhymes subtly controls metrical tension and relaxation; second, he adjusts tension and relaxation to suggest formal roles and ambiguities; and third, he correlates roles with lyrics to create \u201cformal mentalities.\u201d We have supported these three techniques using five lines of evidence: our measurements of tension are more comprehensive than previous methodologies; our formal roles are analogous to those in pop and rock traditions, but frequently reworked to fit aesthetic aims of Lamar\u2019s rap and conscious rap genres; we have codified patterns of tension and relaxation into new, previously unaddressed roles; we have uncovered comprehensible chorus-verse forms within verses; and our correlation of formal roles and lyrics has uncovered formal mentalities such as the duality in \u201cKing Kunta\u201d between Lamar\u2019s verse-based disses of other rappers and chorus-based boasts of his own abilities.<\/p>\n<p>Broadening our purview from Lamar\u2019s practice, this essay points toward further inquiries into rhyme manipulation, formal roles, and formal ambiguities in hip-hop music. First, do other rappers set up formal norms as Lamar does, or different norms; and do groups of rappers (perhaps defined geographically, chronologically, or by subgenre) have characteristic formal norms? Second, what are the expected attributes of other formal roles that are borrowed from pop and rock traditions in hip-hop, such as \u201cbridge\u201d or \u201cprechorus?\u201d And third, how widespread in other rappers\u2019 songs is the stretching of verses into subsection-level roles, for instance in single-verse songs? A mix of large-scale corpus studies and in-depth analyses of rappers (both individuals and groups) may be necessary to explore these questions. Regardless of these questions, though, what is not at stake is Lamar\u2019s consummate artistry and well-earned status as \u201chip-hop\u2019s reigning king\u201d (Alvarez 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Benjamin K. Wadsworth<br>Professor of Music Theory<br>Kennesaw State University<br>Email: bwadswo2@kennesaw.edu<br>(404) 547-8138<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Simon Needle<br>Music Producer and Independent Scholar<br>Needlepoint Music LLC in Atlanta, GA<br>Email: simon.needlepoint@gmail.com<br>\u202a(404) 946-8488\u202c<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p>Adams, Kyle. 2008. \u201cAspects of the Music\/Text Relationship in Rap.\u201d <em>Music Theory Online<\/em> 14 (2).<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2009. \u201cOn the Metrical Techniques of Flow in Rap Music.\u201d <em>Music Theory Online<\/em> 15 (5).<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2020. \u201cHarmonic, Syntactic, and Motivic Parameters of Phrase in Hip-Hop.\u201d <em>Music Theory Online<\/em> 26 (2).<\/p>\n<p>Adaso, Henry. 2018. \u201cConscious Rap Shows Genre\u2019s Uplifting Side.\u201d <em>Liveabout.com<\/em>. December 13, 2018. Accessed 23 July 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.liveabout.com\/conscious-rap-defined-2857304\">https:\/\/www.liveabout.com\/conscious-rap-defined-2857304<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Alvarez, Lauren. 2020. \u201cWhere is Hip-Hop\u2019s Reigning King Kendrick Lamar.\u201d <em>Forbes<\/em>. May 24, 2020. Accessed 21 June 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/laurenalvarez\/2020\/05\/24\/where-is-hip-hops-reigning-king-kendrick-lamar\/?sh=e747b6273bbf\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/laurenalvarez\/2020\/05\/24\/where-is-hip-hops-reigning-king-kendrick-lamar\/?sh=e747b6273bbf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Berry, Michael. 2018. <em>Listening to Rap<\/em>. New York: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p>Biamonte, Nicole. 2014. \u201cFormal Functions of Metric Dissonance in Rock Music.\u201d <em>Music Theory Online<\/em> 20 (2).<\/p>\n<p>Braboy, Mark. 2019. \u201cKendrick Lamar is the Artist of the Decade.\u201d <em>Insider<\/em>. December 4, 2019. Accessed 16 July 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insider.com\/kendrick-lamar-artist-of-the-decade-2010s-2019-12\">https:\/\/www.insider.com\/kendrick-lamar-artist-of-the-decade-2010s-2019-12<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Brogan, T. V. F., and Stephen Cushman. 2012. \u201cRhyme.\u201d In <em>Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>and Poetics<\/em>, edited by Roland Greene et al., 1182\u20131192. Princeton: Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Bungert, James. 2019. \u201c\u2019I got a bone to pick\u2019: Formal Ambivalence and Double Consciousness in Kendrick Lamar\u2019s \u2018King Kunta\u2019.\u201d <em>Music Theory Online<\/em> 25 (1).<\/p>\n<p>Caplin, William. (1998) 2001. <em>Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Condit-Schultz, Nathaniel. 2016. \u201cMCFlow: A Digital Corpus of Rap Transcriptions.\u201d <em>Empirical Musicology Review<\/em> 11 (2): 124\u2013148.<\/p>\n<p>Connor, Martin. 2015. \u201cRap Music Analysis #14 \u2013 Kendrick Lamar, \u2018Good Kid, m.a.a.d. City.\u201d <em>RapAnalysis.com<\/em>. April 15, 2015. Accessed 05 March 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rapanalysis.com\/2015\/04\/rap-music-analysis-14-kendrick-lamar\/\">https:\/\/www.rapanalysis.com\/2015\/04\/rap-music-analysis-14-kendrick-lamar\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Coscarelli, Joe. 2019. \u201cKendrick Lamar Wins Pulitzer in \u2018Big Moment for Hip-Hop.\u2019\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>. April 16, 2018. Accessed 01 August 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/16\/arts\/music\/kendrick-lamar-pulitzer-prize-damn.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/16\/arts\/music\/kendrick-lamar-pulitzer-prize-damn.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>de Clercq, Trevor. 2012. \u201cSections and Successions in Successful Songs: A Prototype Approach to Form in Rock Music.\u201d PhD diss., University of Rochester.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2017. \u201cEmbracing Ambiguity in the Analysis of Form in Pop\/Rock Music, 1982\u20131991.\u201d <em>Music Theory Online<\/em> 23 (3). Accessed 05 August 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/mtosmt.org\/issues\/mto.17.23.3\/mto.17.23.3.de_clercq.html\">https:\/\/mtosmt.org\/issues\/mto.17.23.3\/mto.17.23.3.de_clercq.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Edwards, Paul. 2009. <em>How to Rap: The Art and Science of the Hip-Hop MC<\/em>. Chicago Review Press.<\/p>\n<p>Ensign, Jeffrey. 2015. \u201cForm in Popular Song, 1990\u20132009.\u201d PhD diss., University of North Texas.<\/p>\n<p>Eerola, Tuomas and Jonna K. Vuoskoski. 2013. &#8220;A Review of Music and Emotion Studies: Approaches, Emotion Models, and Stimuli.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal <\/em>30 (3): 307\u2013340.<\/p>\n<p>Fern\u00e1ndez-Sotos, Alicia, Antonio Fern\u00e1ndez-Caballero, and Jos\u00e9 M. Latorre. 2016. \u201cInfluence of Tempo and Rhythmic Unit in Musical Emotion Regulation.\u201d <em>Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience<\/em> 10 (80).<\/p>\n<p>JayQuan. 2019. \u201c20 Songs Bringing Conscious Hip-Hop Back.\u201d <em>Udiscovermusic.com<\/em>. November 15, 2019. Accessed 23 July 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.udiscovermusic.com\/stories\/songs-bringing-conscious-hip-hop-back\/\">https:\/\/www.udiscovermusic.com\/stories\/songs-bringing-conscious-hip-hop-back\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Juslin, Patrik. 2019. <em>Musical Emotions Explained: Unlocking the Secrets of Musical Affect<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Keller, Peter, and Emery Schubert. 2011. \u201cCognitive and Affective Judgements of Syncopated Musical Themes.\u201d <em>Advanced Cognitive Psychology<\/em> 7: 142\u2013156.<\/p>\n<p>Komaniecki, Robert. 2019. \u201cAnalyzing the Parameters of Flow in Rap Music.\u201d PhD diss., Indiana University.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2021. \u201cVocal Pitch in Rap Flow.\u201d <em>Int\u00e9gral<\/em> 34: 24\u201345.<\/p>\n<p>Kornhaber, Spencer. 2017. \u201cKendrick Lamar\u2019s Complicated Political Score-Settling.\u201d <em>The Atlantic<\/em>. April 14, 2017. Accessed 02 August 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/entertainment\/archive\/2017\/04\/kendrick-lamar-damn-politics-fox-trump\/523059\/\">https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/entertainment\/archive\/2017\/04\/kendrick-lamar-damn-politics-fox-trump\/523059\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Krebs, Harald. 1999. <em>Fantasy Pieces: Metrical Dissonance in the Music of Robert Schumann<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Krims, Adam. 2000. <em>Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Lamar, Kendrick. 2015. \u201cKendrick Lamar Breaks Down Tracks from \u2018To Pimp a Butterfly.\u2019\u201d <em>Zumic<\/em>. March 31, 2015. Accessed 02 October 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/zumic.com\/kendrick-lamar-explains-how-he-wrote-king-kunta-on-nmes-song-stories-youtube-video-interview\">https:\/\/zumic.com\/kendrick-lamar-explains-how-he-wrote-king-kunta-on-nmes-song-stories-youtube-video-interview<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Lamarre, Carl. 2017. \u201cKendrick Lamar Covers Forbes, Speaks on His Biggest Mistake and Being Labeled a \u2018Conscious Rapper.\u2019\u201d <em>Billboard.com<\/em>. November 14, 2017. Accessed 23 July 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.billboard.com\/articles\/columns\/hip-hop\/8038290\/kendrick-lamar-forbes-cover-story-conscious-rap\/\">https:\/\/www.billboard.com\/articles\/columns\/hip-hop\/8038290\/kendrick-lamar-forbes-cover-story-conscious-rap\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Lerdahl, Fred, and Ray Jackendoff. (1983) 1996. <em>A Generative Theory of Tonal Music<\/em>. Cambridge: MIT Press.<\/p>\n<p>Mattesich, John. 2019. \u201cThis Flow Ain\u2019t Free: Generative Elements in Kendrick Lamar\u2019s To Pimp a Butterfly.\u201d <em>Music Theory Online<\/em> 25 (1). &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ohriner, Mitchell. 2019a. <em>Flow: The Rhythmic Voice in Rap Music<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2019b. \u201cLyric, Rhythm, and Non-alignment in the Second Verse of Kendrick Lamar\u2019s \u2018Momma.\u2019\u201d <em>Music Theory Online<\/em> 25 (1).<\/p>\n<p>Osborn, Brad. 2013. \u201cSubverting the Verse-Chorus Paradigm: Terminally Climactic Forms in Recent Rock Music.\u201d <em>Music Theory Spectrum<\/em> 35 (1): 23\u201347.<\/p>\n<p>Reeves, Mosi. 2017. \u201cMixtape Primer: Reviewing Kendrick Lamar\u2019s Pre-Fame Output.\u201d <em>Rolling Stone.<\/em> July 14, 2017. Accessed 07 August 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/music\/music-album-reviews\/mixtape-primer-reviewing-kendrick-lamars-pre-fame-output-126139\/\">https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/music\/music-album-reviews\/mixtape-primer-reviewing-kendrick-lamars-pre-fame-output-126139\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Russell, James. 1980. \u201cA Circumplex Model of Affect.\u201d <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em> 39: 1161\u20131178.<\/p>\n<p>Spicer, Mark. 2004. \u201c(Ac)cumulative Form in Pop-Rock Music.\u201d <em>Twentieth-Century Music<\/em> 1 (1): 29\u201364.<\/p>\n<p>Summach, Jay. 2012. \u201cForm in Top-20 Rock Music, 1955\u201389.\u201d PhD diss., Yale University.<\/p>\n<p>Wang, Oliver. 2017. \u201cKendrick Lamar\u2019s \u2018DAMN.\u2019 Is Introspective and Unforgiving.\u201d <em>NPR.org<\/em>. April 17, 2017. Accessed 01 August 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2017\/04\/17\/524351436\/kendrick-lamars-damn-is-introspective-and-unforgiving\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2017\/04\/17\/524351436\/kendrick-lamars-damn-is-introspective-and-unforgiving<\/a>. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Warrenburg, Lindsay. 2020. \u201cComparing Musical and Psychological Emotion Theories.\u201d <em>Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain<\/em> 30 (1): 1\u201319.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Woolf, Sarah. 2020. \u201cRap as a Political Platform: Kendrick Lamar, A Case Study.\u201d <em>Medium.com<\/em>. February 18, 2018. Accessed 03 August 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@sarahwoolf\/rap-as-a-political-platform-kendrick-lamar-a-case-study-647e7d94bb51\">https:\/\/medium.com\/@sarahwoolf\/rap-as-a-political-platform-kendrick-lamar-a-case-study-647e7d94bb51<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Benjamin K. Wadsworth and Simon Needle Abstract The flow of Kendrick Lamar veers between old-school, metrically rigid and new-school, prose-like rhymes. Through manipulating rhymes within $$4\\atop4$$ time, Lamar increases and decreases affective tension, suggests formal ambiguity, and highlights changes in point of view and literary topic. Although rhyme manipulations have been discussed by Kyle Adams &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/35-2022\/wadsworth-and-needle\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Rhyme, Metrical Tension, and Formal Ambiguity in Kendrick Lamar\u2019s Flow&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"parent":6364,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_oasis_is_in_workflow":0,"_oasis_original":0,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6643","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6643","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6643"}],"version-history":[{"count":302,"href":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6643\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7589,"href":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6643\/revisions\/7589"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theory.esm.rochester.edu\/integral\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6643"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}